The Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition: A Bifactor Model, Dimensionality, and Measurement Invariance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Sedigheh Salami ◽  
Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira ◽  
Cristiano Mauro Assis Gomes ◽  
Parvaneh Shamsipour Dehkordi
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Gross Motor Development

Aim: To examine the latent structure of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition (TGMD-3) with a bifactor modeling approach. In addition, the study examines the dimensionality and model-based reliability of general and specific contributions of the test’s subscales and measurement invariance of the TGMD-3. Methods: A convenience sample of (N = 496; Mage = 7.23 ± 2.03 years; 53.8% female) typically developed children participated in this study. Three alternative measurement models were tested: (a) a unidimensional model, (b) a correlated two-factor model, and (c) a bifactor model. Results: The totality of results, including item loadings, goodness-of-fit indexes, and reliability estimates, all supported the bifactor model and strong evidence of a general factor, namely gross motor competence. Additionally, the reliability of subscale scores was poor, and it is thus contended that scoring, reporting, and interpreting of the subscales scores are probably not justifiable. Conclusions: This study shows the advantages of using bifactor approach to examine the TGMD-3 factor structure and suggests that the two traditionally hypothesized factors are better understood as “grouping” factors rather than as representative of latent constructs. In addition, our findings demonstrate that the bifactor model appears invariant for sex.

THE TEST OF GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT-THIRD EDITION: A BIFACTOR MODEL, DIMENSIONALITY, AND MEASUREMENT INVARIANCE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sedigheh Salami ◽  
Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira ◽  
Cristiano Mauro Assis Gomes ◽  
Parvaneh Shamsipour Dehkordi
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Bifactor Modeling ◽  
Iranian Children

Aim: To examine the latent structure of the Test of Gross Motor Development, 3rd Edition (TGMD-3) with a bifactor modeling approach. Furthermore, the study examines the dimensionality, model-based reliability of general and specific contributions of the test's subscales and measurement invariance of the TGMD-3. Methods: Using a sample of 496 Iranian children (M age = 7.23±2.03 years; 53.8 female) from the five main geographic regions of Tehran city, three alternative measurement models were tested: (a) a unidimensional model, (b) a correlated 2-factor model, (c) a bifactor model. Results: The totality of results including item loadings, goodness-of-fit indexes and reliability estimates all supported the bifactor model and strong evidence of general fundamental movement factor. Additionally, the reliability of subscale scores was poor, it is thus contended that scoring, reporting and interpreting of the subscales scores are probably not justifiable. Suggesting that the 2 traditionally hypothesized factors are better understood as “grouping” factors rather than as representative of latent constructs. Furthermore, the bifactor model appears invariant for gender. Conclusion: This study is the first to address the bifactor model and new insights regarding the application and interpretation of the test battery most widely used with children.

Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition: Establishing Content and Construct Validity for Brazilian Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia C. Valentini ◽  
Larissa W. Zanella ◽  
E. Kipling Webster
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Brazilian Children ◽  
Ball Skills

The Test of Gross Motor Development is used to identify children’s level of motor proficiency, specifically to detect motor delays. This study aimed to translate the TGMD-3 items and assess reliability and content and construct validity for the TGMD-3 in Brazil. A cross-cultural translation was used to generate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the TGMD-3. The validation process involved 33 professionals and 597 Brazilian children (ages 3–10) from the five main geographic regions of Brazil. The results confirmed language clarity and pertinence, as well as face validity of the TGMD-3. High intrarater (.60 to .90) and interrater (.85 to .99) reliability was evident, and test-retest temporal stability was confirmed (locomotor .93; ball skills .81). Adequate internal consistency was present for the skills-to-test and subtests correlations (TGMD-3-BR: α .74; locomotor skills: α .63; ball skills: α .76) and performance-criteria-to-test and -subtest correlations (TGMD-3: α .93; locomotor skills: .90; ball skills: .88). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct validity of a two-factor model (RMSEA = .04, 90% confidence interval: .03 to .05; CFI = .94; NFI = .91; TLI = .92; GFI = .94; AGFI = .92). The TGMD-3 is a valid and reliable instrument for Brazilian children.

scholarly journals Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Gender of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Adolescent Psychiatric Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Keller ◽  
Inken Kirschbaum-Lesch ◽  
Joana Straub
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Factor Models ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Specific Factors

The revised version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) is one of the most frequently applied questionnaires not only in adults, but also in adolescents. To date, attempts to identify a replicable factor structure of the BDI-II have mainly been undertaken in adult populations. Moreover, most of the studies which included minors and were split by gender lacked confirmatory factor analyses and were generally conducted in healthy adolescents. The present study therefore aimed to determine the goodness of fit of various factor models proposed in the literature in an adolescent clinical sample, to evaluate alternative solutions for the factor structure and to explore potential gender differences in factor loadings. The focus was on testing bifactor models and subsequently on calculating bifactor statistical indices to help clarify whether a uni- or a multidimensional construct is more appropriate, and on testing the best-fitting factor model for measurement invariance according to gender. The sample comprised 835 adolescent girls and boys aged 13–18 years in out- and inpatient setting. Several factor models proposed in the literature provided a good fit when applied to the adolescent clinical sample, and differences in goodness of fit were small. Exploratory factor analyses were used to develop and test a bifactor model that consisted of a general factor and two specific factors, termed cognitive and somatic. The bifactor model confirmed the existence of a strong general factor on which all items load, and the bifactor statistical indices suggest that the BDI-II should be seen as a unidimensional scale. Concerning measurement invariance across gender, there were differences in loadings on item 21 (Loss of interest in sex) on the general factor and on items 1 (Sadness), 4 (Loss of pleasure), and 9 (Suicidal Thoughts) on the specific factors. Thus, partial measurement invariance can be assumed and differences are negligible. It can be concluded that the total score of the BDI-II can be used to measure depression severity in adolescent clinical samples.

Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kipling Webster ◽  
Dale A. Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Reliability Assessments ◽  
Motor Skill Competence ◽  
Ball Skills

With recent revisions, the evaluation of the reliability and validity of the Test of Gross Motor Development—3rd edition (TGMD-3) is necessary. The TGMD-3 was administered to 807 children (M age = 6.33 ± 2.09 years; 52.5% male). Reliability assessments found that correlations with age were moderate to large; ball skills had a higher correlation (r = .47) compared with locomotor skills (r = .39). Internal consistency was very high in each age group and remained excellent for all racial/ethnic groups and both sexes. Test-retest reliability had high ICC agreements for the locomotor (ICC = 0.97), ball skills (ICC = 0.95), and total TGMD-3 (ICC = 0.97). For validity measures, the TGMD-3 had above acceptable item difficulty (range = 0.43–0.91) and item discrimination values (range = 0.34–0.67). EFA supported a one-factor structure of gross motor skill competence for the TGMD-3 with 73.82% variance explained. CFA supported the one-factor model (χ2(65) = 327.61, p < .001, CFI = .95, TLI = .94, RMSEA = .10), showing acceptable construct validity for the TGMD-3. Preliminary results show the TGMD-3 exhibits high levels of validity and reliability, providing confidence for the usage and collection of new norms.

scholarly journals 18-Item Version of the Short Gambling Harm Screen (SGHS-18): Validation of Screen for Assessing Gambling-Related Harm among Finnish Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11552
Author(s):  
Tiina Latvala ◽  
Matthew Browne ◽  
Matthew Rockloff ◽  
Anne H. Salonen
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
Mental Health Issue ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Gambling Harm ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Coefficient Omega ◽  
Gambling Harms

Background and aims: It is common for gambling research to focus on problem and disordered gambling. Less is known about the prevalence of gambling-related harms among people in the general population. This study aimed to develop and validate the 18-item version of the Short Gambling Harms Screen (SGHS-18). Methods: Population-representative web-based and postal surveys were conducted in the three geographical areas of Finland (n = 7186, aged 18 or older). Reliability and internal structure of SGHS-18 was assessed using coefficient omega and via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Four measurement models of SGHS-18 were compared: one-factor, six-factor, a second-ordered factor model and a bifactor model (M4). Results: The analysis revealed that only the bifactor model had adequate fit for SGHS-18 (CFI = 0.953, TLI = 0.930, GFI = 0.974, RMSEA = 0.047, SRMR = 0.027). The general factor explained most of the common variance compared to specific factors. Coefficient omega hierarchical value for global gambling harm factor (0.80) was high, which suggested that SGHS-18 assessed the combination of general harm constructs sufficiently. The correlation with the Problem and Pathological Gambling Measures (PPGM) was 0.44, potentially reflecting that gambling harms are closely—although not perfectly—aligned with the mental health issue of problem gambling. SGHS-18 scores were substantially higher for participants who gambled more often, who spent more money or who had gambling problems, demonstrating convergent validity for the screen. Discussion: The SGHS-18 comprehensively measures the domains of gambling harm, while demonstrating desirable properties of internal consistency, and criterion and convergent validity.

Construct Validity of the Test of Gross Motor Development: A Cross-Validation Approach

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Evaggelinou ◽  
Nikolaos Tsigilis ◽  
Areti Papa
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Physical Educators ◽  
Validation Group ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Object Control ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Proposed Model

This study was designed to examine the underlying structure of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) in Ulrich (1985). The TGMD was administered to 644 children who were randomly divided into two groups (calibration group and validation group). The calibration group (n = 324) included 150 boys and 174 girls, and the validation group included 160 boys and 160 girls, ranging from 3 to 10 years. A two-factor model was postulated and supported. According to the model, seven variables measuring children’s ability for moving into space loaded on one factor (locomotor skills), while five variables measuring children’s ability for controlling objects loaded on the other factor (object control skills). In addition, the proposed model was found to be invariant across the two groups. Good cross-generalizability of the TGMD appears to support its validity. Physical educators working with young children may use it with confidence when assessing and planning physical education programs involving locomotor and object control skills.

scholarly journals Psychometric Properties of the Test of Gross Motor Development, Third Edition (German Translation): Results of a Pilot Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias O. Wagner ◽  
E. Kipling Webster ◽  
Dale A. Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Skill Assessment ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
German Translation ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
And Gender

The Test of Gross Motor Development, 3rd Edition (TGMD-3) is a process-oriented fundamental movement skill assessment to examine the movement patterns displayed by children between the ages of 3 and 10 years. Within this paper, results of a pilot study on the reliability, validity, and measurement invariance across gender of the TGMD-3 (German translation) are presented. In total, performances of 189 typically developing children (99 boys, 90 girls, 56 kindergarten children, 133 elementary school children, Mage = 7.15 ± 2.02 years) are analyzed. Results provide preliminary evidence for test-retest, interrater and intrarater reliability, internal consistency, age- and gender- specific performance trends, factorial validity, measurement invariance across gender, divergent validity, and ball skill–related concurrent and predictive validity of the TGMD-3 (German translation). Subsequent research should be focused on a verification of the present findings on a representative database to foster the application of the TGMD-3 (German translation) in different settings.

Validity and Reliability of the Spanish Version of the Test of Gross Motor Development–3

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Estevan ◽  
Javier Molina-García ◽  
Ana Queralt ◽  
Octavio Álvarez ◽  
Isabel Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Motor Competence ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
Ball Skills

The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) is a process-oriented scale that provides qualitative information on children’s motor competence. The aim of the current study was to analyze the psychometric properties by examining the internal consistency and construct validity of the Spanish version of the TGMD-3. A sample of 178 typically developing children (47.5% girls) between the ages 3 and 11 years participated in this study. Reliability and the within-network psychometric properties of TGMD-3 were examined by using internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability indexes were excellent (> 0.89). A two-factor structure model was hypothesized and an alternative unifactorial model was also tested. Adequate fit indexes in both a two-factor model [ball skills seven items and locomotor skills six items (χ2 (64) = 139.200, p < .010, RMSEA = 0.073, SRMR = 0.050, NNFI = 0.964, CFI = 0.970)] and a one-factor model [(χ2 (65) = 157.666, p < .010, RMSEA = 0.084, SRMR = 0.055, NNFI = 0.956, CFI = 0.963)] were found. The Spanish version of the TGMD-3 is thus suitable for studying children’s actual motor competence level in terms of locomotor and ball skills and also in terms of fundamental movement skills.

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