Modeling the Impact of Prepregnancy BMI, Physical Activity, and Energy Intake on Gestational Weight Gain, Infant Birth Weight, and Postpartum Weight Retention

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1020-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Montpetit ◽  
Hugues Plourde ◽  
Tamara R. Cohen ◽  
Kristine G. Koski
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Postpartum Weight Retention ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Prepregnancy Bmi ◽  
Prepregnancy Weight ◽  
Postpartum Weight ◽  
Infant Birth ◽  
The Impact

Background:A “fit pregnancy” requires balancing energy expenditure with energy intake (EI) to achieve appropriate gestational weight gains (GWG), healthy infant birth weights (IBW), and minimal postpartum weight retention (PPWR). Our objective was to develop an integrated conceptual framework to assess the contribution of prepregnancy weight (PP-BMI), EI, and physical activity (PA) as determinants of GWG, IBW, and PPWR.Methods:Pregnant women (n = 59) were recruited from prenatal classes. Energy intake was estimated using 3 24-hr diet recalls and PA using a validated PA questionnaire and a pedometer. Telephone interviews at 6-weeks postpartum assessed self-reported GWG, IBW, and PPWR. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to explore the potential predictors of GWG, IBW, and PPWR.Results:Prepregnancy BMI was associated with GWG, and EI was associated with IBW; each model captured only 6%–18% of the variability. In contrast, PPWR was predicted by PP-BMI, GWG, and EI, which together explained 61% of its variability, whereas GWG alone explained 51% of the variability in PPWR.Conclusions:Modeling the relationship using hierarchical models suggests that PP-BMI, prepartum PA, and EI differentially impact GWG, IBW, and PPWR.

scholarly journals Associations Among Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Gestational Weight Gain, and Postpartum Weight Retention With Varying Estimates of Prepregnancy Weight

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-510
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Schlaff ◽  
Claudia Holzman ◽  
Kimberly S. Maier ◽  
Karin A. Pfieffer ◽  
James M. Pivarnik
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Postpartum Weight Retention ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Prepregnancy Weight ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
Postpartum Weight

Prospective studies examining postpartum weight retention (PPWR) in relation to the appropriateness of gestational weight gain (GWG) and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) during pregnancy and postpartum are lacking. While utilizing varying estimates of prepregnancy weight, we sought to prospectively examine associations among the aforementioned variables. Our sample consisted of a subset of women from the Archive for Research on Child Health Study (n = 68). Prepregnancy weight was obtained via questionnaire and birth certificates. GWG (2 estimates) was calculated by subtracting prepregnancy weight estimates from weight at delivery and classified as “excess” or “not excess.” Pregnancy and postpartum LTPA were self-reported and dichotomized at recommended levels. Prepregnancy weight estimates were subtracted from self-reported postpartum weight to calculate 2 estimates of PPWR at 6 months. Linear regression was used to examine relationships among GWG and LTPA, and PPWR. Estimates of excess GWG were associated with increased PPWR (mean difference = 3.3-8.9 kg), even after adjustment for prepregnancy body mass index and breastfeeding. Meeting pregnancy and postpartum LTPA recommendations did not significantly predict PPWR. Our findings highlight the importance of encouraging appropriate GWG and provide insight into the impact varying estimates of prepregnancy weight may have when exploring associations among these variables.

scholarly journals Increased Energy Intake After Pregnancy Determines Postpartum Weight Retention in Women With Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. e1601-e1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Most ◽  
Abby D Altazan ◽  
Marshall St. Amant ◽  
Robbie A Beyl ◽  
Eric Ravussin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Postpartum Weight Retention ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Postpartum Weight ◽  
Metabolic Biomarkers

Abstract Context This study was designed to understand causes and critical periods for postpartum weight retention by characterizing changes in body composition, energy intake, energy expenditure and physical activity in women with obesity during pregnancy and postpartum. Design In this prospective, observational cohort study, body composition (plethysmography), energy expenditure (doubly labeled water, whole-body room calorimetry), physical activity (accelerometry), metabolic biomarkers, and eating behaviors were measured. Energy intake was calculated by the intake-balance method for pregnancy, and for 2 postpartum periods (0 to 6 months and 6 to 12 months). Results During the 18-month observation period, weight loss occurred in 16 (43%) women (mean ± SEM, −4.9 ± 1.6 kg) and weight retention occurred in 21 (57%) women (+8.6 ± 1.4 kg). Comparing women with postpartum weight loss and weight retention, changes in body weight were not different during pregnancy (6.9 ± 1.0 vs 9.5 ± 0.9 kg, P = 0.06). After pregnancy, women with postpartum weight loss lost −3.6 ± 1.8 kg fat mass whereas women with weight retention gained 6.2 ± 1.7 kg fat mass (P < 0.001). Women with postpartum weight loss reduced energy intake during the postpartum period (compared with during pregnancy) by 300 kcal/d (1255 kJ/d), while women with weight retention increased energy intake by 250 kcal/d (1046 kJ/d, P < 0.005). There were no differences in the duration of breastfeeding, eating behavior, or metabolic biomarkers. Conclusions Postpartum weight gain was the result of increased energy intake after pregnancy rather than decreased energy expenditure. Dietary intake recommendations are needed for women with obesity during the postpartum period, and women should be educated on the risk of overeating after pregnancy.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Impact of Breastfeeding and Socioeconomic Status on Maternal Weight Change From Pregnancy to Ten Years Postpartum

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 746-746
Author(s):  
Saralyn Foster ◽  
Christian Vazquez ◽  
Catherine Cubbin ◽  
Amy Nichols ◽  
Rachel Rickman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
World Health ◽  
Postpartum Weight Retention ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Prepregnancy Bmi ◽  
Postpartum Weight ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Breastfeeding is a potentially modifiable factor associated with less postpartum weight retention; however, in the United States women with lower socioeconomic status (SES) are less likely to initiate breastfeeding and, therefore, may be at higher risk for long-term weight retention. We sought to describe associations between duration of breastfeeding with postpartum weight retention and later BMI, and to determine whether associations varied by SES. Methods Maternal and infant data (n = 2144 dyads) are from the Geographic Research on Wellbeing survey (GROW), a follow-up study of California's annual statewide-representative Maternal and Infant Health Assessment. Pre-pregnancy BMI was obtained from self-report; at 4–10y postpartum, breastfeeding history and self-reported body weight were collected. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between breastfeeding and long-term maternal body size. SES was calculated as a composite score of % federal poverty threshold plus education and was dichotomized. Results Overall, mean prepregnancy BMI was 24.9 kg/m,2 while long-term weight retention 4–10 y postpartum was 4.0 kg. The sample average breastfeeding duration was 8.5 months with 61% meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for 6 months of breastfeeding. In adjusted models, compared to women who did not meet recommendations, women who met WHO recommendations had slightly lower long-term postpartum weight retention (b = −1.06 kg, CI: −1.93, −0.25, p = 0.01) and a small reduction in BMI (b = −0.4 kg/m,2 95% CI −0.74, −0.08; p = 0.02). Compared to higher SES women, fewer lower SES women ever breastfed (89% vs 74%, p < .0001) or met WHO recommendations (70% vs 51%, p < .0001). Lower SES women had higher prepregnancy BMI (25.9kg/m2 vs 23.5, p < .0001), and had greater long-term weight retention 4–10 y postpartum (5.68kg vs. 1.83, p < .0001). In SES stratified adjusted models, there were no differences in associations between breastfeeding with long-term weight retention or BMI. Conclusions Breastfeeding was associated with long term maternal postpartum weight status. Six months of breastfeeding was associated with lower long-term postpartum weight retention and lower BMI at 4–10 years postpartum, and effects did not vary by socioeconomic status. Funding Sources CDPH, UCSF.

scholarly journals Gestational Weight Gain and Prepregnancy Weight Influence Postpartum Weight Retention in a Cohort of Brazilian Women

2004 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Kac ◽  
Maria H.D.A. Benício ◽  
Gustavo Velásquez-Meléndez ◽  
Joaquim G. Valente ◽  
Cláudio J. Struchiner
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Postpartum Weight Retention ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Prepregnancy Weight ◽  
Postpartum Weight

scholarly journals A prospective study of dietary intakes and influential factors from pregnancy to postpartum on maternal weight retention in Taipei, Taiwan

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1828-1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Ching Lyu ◽  
Chaio-Chen Lo ◽  
Heng-Fei Chen ◽  
Chia-Yu Wang ◽  
Dou-Ming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Postpartum Weight Retention ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
Postpartum Weight

Excessive gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention are risk factors for female obesity. The present study was to examine dietary intakes and weight history from a prospective follow-up study from early pregnancy to 1 year postpartum. A total of 151 pregnant women within 20 weeks of pregnancy in Taipei, Taiwan were interviewed periodically to collect dietary and lifestyle information. The participants had an average age of 30 years and the average gestational weight gain was 14 kg, with an average daily intake of 7830 kJ (1870 kcal) in the 1 year following parturition. By bivariate analyses, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI and breast-feeding were not related to postpartum weight retention, but gestational weight gain had significant positive correlations (r 0·54 at 6 months, r 0·44 at 1 year; P < 0·05). The generalised estimating equations showed that the average weight before pregnancy, at 6 months and 1 year postpartum was 53·35 kg, 55·75 kg (weight retention 2·36 kg; P < 0·01) and 54·75 kg (weight retention 1·48 kg; P < 0·01), respectively. After controlling for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and parity, we found at 6 months that the adjusted weight retention at postpartum was 0·79 kg (P < 0·01), but at 1 year it was − 0·08 kg (P>0·05). From multivariate analyses, dietary energy intake and energy intake per kg body weight as a long-term physical activity index could explain 24 % of the variation at 6 months and 27 % of the variation at 1 year in postpartum weight retention. These results suggest that pregnant women should be advised to control gestational weight gain, decrease energy intakes after child-bearing and maintain regular exercise in order to prevent postpartum obesity.

scholarly journals Preventing Long-Term Risk of Obesity for Two Generations: Prenatal Physical Activity Is Part of the Puzzle

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie-May Ruchat ◽  
Michelle F. Mottola
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Postpartum Weight Retention ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Postpartum Weight ◽  
Infant Birth

Background. The period surrounding pregnancy has been identified as a risk period for overweight/obesity in both mother and child because of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG). The promotion of a healthy GWG is therefore of paramount importance in the context of the prevention of obesity in the current and next generations.Objective. To provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of prenatal physical activity interventions, alone or in combination with nutritional counselling, on GWG and to address whether preventing excessive GWG decreases the incidence of infant high birth weight and/or postpartum weight retention.Method. A search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify all relevant studies. Nineteen studies were included in this review: 13 interventions combining physical activity, nutrition, and GWG counselling and 6 interventions including physical activity alone.Results. Prenatal lifestyle interventions promoting healthy eating and physical activity habits appear to be the most effective approach to prevent excessive GWG. Achievement of appropriate GWG may also decrease the incidence of high infant birth weight and postpartum weight retention.Conclusion. Healthy eating habits during pregnancy, combined with an active lifestyle, may be important elements in the prevention of long-term risk of obesity for two generations.

scholarly journals Association of Full Breastfeeding Duration with Postpartum Weight Retention in a Cohort of Predominantly Breastfeeding Women

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muna J. Tahir ◽  
Jacob L. Haapala ◽  
Laurie P. Foster ◽  
Katy M. Duncan ◽  
April M. Teague ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Postpartum Weight Retention ◽  
Weight Retention ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Prepregnancy Weight ◽  
Adjusted Means ◽  
Postpartum Weight ◽  
Healthy Growth ◽  
Pregnancy Weight

Full breastfeeding (FBF) is promoted as effective for losing pregnancy weight during the postpartum period. This study evaluated whether longer FBF is associated with lower maternal postpartum weight retention (PPWR) as compared to a shorter FBF duration. The MILK (Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth) study is an ongoing prospective cohort of 370 mother–infant dyads, all of whom fully breastfed their infants for at least 1 month. Breastfeeding status was subsequently self-reported by mothers at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Maternal PPWR was calculated as maternal weight measured at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum minus maternal prepregnancy weight. Using linear mixed effects models, by 6 months postpartum, adjusted means ± standard errors for weight retention among mothers who fully breastfed for 1–3 (3.40 ± 1.16 kg), 3–6 (1.41 ± 0.69 kg), and ≥6 months (0.97 ± 0.32 kg) were estimated. Compared to mothers who reported FBF for 1–3 months, those who reported FBF for 3–6 months and ≥6 months both had lower PPWR over the period from 1 to 6 months postpartum (p = 0.04 and p < 0.01, respectively). However, PPWR from 3 to 6 months was not significantly different among those who reported FBF for 3–6 versus ≥6 months (p > 0.05). Interventions to promote FBF past 3 months may increase the likelihood of postpartum return to prepregnancy weight.

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