Female Athletes in Retirement: A Test of a Psychosocial Model of Bulimic Symptomatology

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-499
Author(s):  
Stephanie L. Barrett ◽  
Trent A. Petrie
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Division I ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Female Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Psychosocial Model

Although researchers have examined eating disorders in female athletes, few such studies have been done with athletes who are retired, and even fewer have been quantitative. Thus, the authors empirically tested an established eating disorder theoretical model with 218 former NCAA Division-I female collegiate athletes who had been retired for 2–6 years. In retirement, participants completed measures of general sociocultural pressures related to body and appearance, thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, negative affect, and bulimic symptomatology. Through structural equation modeling, the authors examined the direct and indirect relationships among the latent variables while controlling for body mass index and years since retirement. The model fit the data well, supporting the hypothesized direct and indirect relationships among the variables and explaining 54% of the variance in bulimic symptomatology. Despite no longer being exposed to sport pressures that contribute to eating disorders, female athletes experience such symptoms long into retirement.

Prevalence of Disordered Eating: A Comparison of Male and Female Collegiate Athletes and Nonathletes

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura D. DiPasquale ◽  
Trent A. Petrie
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Division I ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Athletic Departments ◽  
Weight Control Behaviors ◽  
Female Collegiate Athletes

Eating disorder prevalence rates among athletes vary greatly because of the different ways in which researchers have measured and classified them, and the extent to which they are higher than those found among nonathletes remains unresolved. The present study examined prevalence of eating disorders, body image issues, and weight control behaviors using a valid diagnostic measure. Participants included 146 male and 156 female NCAA Division I student-athletes and a matched sample of 170 male and 353 female collegiate nonathletes. Overall, eating disorder prevalence rates and use of pathogenic weight control behaviors were lower among nonathletes than athletes. Rates for athletes in the current study were lower than previous studies. These findings are likely due to the lack of anonymity the athletes had when completing questionnaires, as data were collected through athletes’ preseason physicals, whereas nonathletes completed questionnaires anonymously over the Internet. Recommendations for athletic departments’ screening for eating disorders are made.

Psychosocial Correlates of Bulimic Symptoms Among NCAA Division-I Female Collegiate Gymnasts and Swimmers/Divers

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlin M. Anderson ◽  
Trent A. Petrie ◽  
Craig S. Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Division I ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Restrictive Eating ◽  
Bulimic Symptoms ◽  
Collegiate Gymnasts

In this study, we tested Petrie and Greenleaf’s (2007) model of bulimic symptoms in two independent samples of female collegiate swimmers/divers and gymnasts. Structural equation modeling revealed support for the model, although it also suggested additional pathways. Specifically, general societal pressures regarding weight and body were related to the internalization of those ideals and, subsequently, to increases in body dissatisfaction. Pressures from the sport environment regarding weight and appearance were associated with more body dissatisfaction and more restrictive eating. Body dissatisfaction was related to more feelings of sadness, anger, and fear among the athletes. Negative affect, body dissatisfaction, and dietary restraint were related directly to bulimic symptoms, accounting for 55-58% of its variance. These results suggest that general sociocultural pressures are influential, but weight and appearance pressures in the sport environment may be even more pervasive and negative for female athletes.

Racial Differences in Occupational Turnover Intent among NCAA Division IA Assistant Football Coaches

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
George B. Cunningham ◽  
Michael Sagas
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Career Satisfaction ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Division I ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Turnover Intent ◽  
Football Coaches ◽  
Intercollegiate Athletic Departments

Whereas previous research has demonstrated racial differences in occupational turnover intent, why such differences exist remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this Research Note was to examine perceived opportunity, career satisfaction, and occupational turnover intent of racial-minority and White NCAA Division I-A assistant football coaches (N = 382). Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that racial minorities perceived less career-related opportunity, were less satisfied with their careers, and had greater occupational turnover intentions than their White counterparts. Structural equation modeling indicated that career satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between perceived opportunity and occupational turnover intent. Results highlight the need for a change in the organizational culture of intercollegiate athletic departments such that diversity is valued and embraced.

scholarly journals Are Women Coached by Women More Likely to Become Sport Coaches? Head Coach Gender and Female Collegiate Athletes’ Entry into the Coaching Profession

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matea Wasend ◽  
Nicole M. LaVoi
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Division I ◽  
Head Coaches ◽  
Head Coach ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Female Head ◽  
Female Collegiate Athletes

A plethora of research on barriers facing women in the coaching profession exists, but less attention has been devoted to female student-athletes’ transition into coaching. Some research suggests that female athletes who are coached by women are more likely to become coaches. In the present study, existing research is extended by examining the relationship between collegiate female basketball players’ post-playing career behavior and the gender of their collegiate head coach. Two research questions are addressed: (1) Are female collegiate Division-I basketball players who are coached by female head coaches more likely to enter the coaching profession than athletes who are coached by men? And; (2) If female basketball players do enter coaching, are those who were coached by women more likely to persist in coaching? Collegiate head coach gender did not emerge as a significant predictor of athletes’ likelihood to enter coaching, but logistic regression indicated that athletes who did enter coaching were 4.1-times more likely to stay in coaching if they had a female head coach. This study extends the scarce and outdated body of research on the potential salience of same-sex coaching role models for female athletes and provides baseline data on collegiate athletes’ entry rate into coaching, lending support to advocacy aimed at reversing the current stagnation of women in the sport coaching profession.

Performance-Related Injuries and Exercise Orientation of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III Female Collegiate Cross Country Runners

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon H. Thompson ◽  
Presley Smith ◽  
Rita DiGioacchino
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Division I ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
Exercise Time ◽  
Menstrual Dysfunction ◽  
Division Ii ◽  
Subclinical Eating Disorders ◽  
Division I Athletes

A serious commitment to sport and exercise may predispose female athletes to the development of eating disorders. The energy restriction and accompanying menstrual disorders that are often associated with eating disorders may increase female athletes’ injury risks. The purpose of this study was to assess NCAA Division I, II, and III female collegiate cross country athletes’ weekly exercise time, rates of injury, menstrual dysfunction, and subclinical eating disorder risks. A paper-pencil survey was completed by athletes (mean age = 19.64 years) from NCAA Division I (n = 82), Division II (n = 103) and Division III (n = 115) colleges across the United States. Division I athletes spent significantly more weekly exercise time (M = 687.97 minutes) than Division II (M = 512.38 minutes, p = .0007) or Division III (M = 501.32 minutes, p = .0003) athletes. When examining rates of menstrual dysfunction, 23 percent reported amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea. Over 60 percent (64.3%) of the athletes reported a performance-related injury, with the knee being the most commonly injured site. 24 percent (23.7%) of the athletes reported having stress fractures. Scores for subclinical eating disorders for Division I athletes were significantly higher (M = 87.11) than Division III athletes (M = 82.94, p = .0042). Division I female athletes may be at an increased risk of developing subclinical eating disorders compared to those competing in Division II or III. Because early identification of those with subclinical eating disorders prevents the progression to eating disorders, further study is warranted.

“I Feel Pressure:” Exploring the Phenomenon of Body Image Formation in Collegiate Female Athletes Within the Context of Social Comparison Theory

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-26
Author(s):  
Ashley Gibson Bowers ◽  
Christina L.L. Martin ◽  
John Miller ◽  
Brent Wolfe ◽  
Nancy Magee Speed
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Division I ◽  
Social Comparison Theory ◽  
Comparison Theory ◽  
Female Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Collegiate Female Athletes ◽  
External Population

The purpose of the study was to examine female athletes’ perceptions of their body image as a result of comparing themselves to others. Social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954) was used as the theoretical basis for understanding the effects of body image among intercollegiate female athletes. Using a qualitative analysis, the authors individually interviewed 20 female collegiate athletes attending a Division I university and thematically coded their responses. The findings suggest that coaches and teammates significantly contribute to body image pressures in female athletes, as participants were sensitive to the comments and perceptions of these groups. Finally, athletes perceived that the external population (those outside of coaches and teammates) evaluated athletic talent based on actual body image.

Psychosocial Risk Factors of Bulimic Symptomatology Among Female Athletes

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy Greenleaf ◽  
Trent Petrie ◽  
Justine Reel ◽  
Jennifer Carter
Keyword(s):  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Psychosocial Risk ◽  
Restrained Eating ◽  
Division I ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Psychosocial Variables ◽  
Bulimic Symptoms ◽  
Psychosocial Model

Petrie and Greenleaf (2007) presented a psychosocial model of disordered eating for female athletes. Based upon the 2007 model, the present study examined four key psychosocial variables: internalization, body dissatisfaction, restrained eating, and negative affect, as predictors of bulimic symptoms among NCAA Division I female athletes. Two hundred four women (N = 204) participated and were drawn from three different universities and competed in 17 different varsity sports. After controlling for the effects of body mass and social desirability, hierarchical regression analysis showed that the psychosocial variables explained 42% of the variance in bulimic symptoms. In the full model, higher levels of body dissatisfaction, more dietary restraint, and stronger feelings of guilt were associated with bulimic symptomatology. Internalization of the sociocultural ideal as well as feelings of fear, hostility, or sadness were unrelated.

A Qualitative Analysis of Female Collegiate Athletes’ Eating Disorder Recovery Experiences

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessyca N. Arthur-Cameselle ◽  
Paula A. Quatromoni
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Recovery Experiences ◽  
Female Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Professional Care

The purpose of this study was to characterize recovery experiences of female collegiate athletes who have suffered from eating disorders. Participants were 16 collegiate female athletes who experienced recovery from an eating disorder. Participants told their recovery stories in semistructured interviews regarding factors that initiated, assisted, and hindered recovery. The most common turning point to initiate recovery was experiencing negative consequences from the eating disorder. Factors that most frequently assisted recovery included making cognitive and behavioral changes, supportive relationships, and seeking professional care. Hindering factors most commonly included lack of support from others, professional care complaints, and spending time with others with eating disorders. Results suggested that unique features of the sport environment, including coaches’ behavior and team norms, introduce either positive or negative influences on athletes as they work to recover from an eating disorder. Based on these findings, specific treatment and prevention recommendations for athletes are discussed.

Nutrient Intakes and Dietary Behaviors of Male and Female Collegiate Athletes

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela S. Hinton ◽  
Tiffany C. Sanford ◽  
M. Meghan Davidson ◽  
Oksana F. Yakushko ◽  
Niels C. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Dietary Behaviors ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Collegiate Athletes

The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary intakes and behaviors of male and female collegiate athletes. Athletes (n = 345) at a NCAA Division I university completed an anonymous questionnaire. T-tests, χ2 statistic and ANOVA were used to assess gender and sport differences. Multiple linear regression was used to assess gender differences in nutrient intakes, controlling for energy intake and to examine the relationships between desired weight change, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes. Only 15% and 26% of athletes had adequate intakes of carbohydrate and protein, respectively, based on recommendations for athletes. Males were more likely to exceed the Dietary Guidelines for fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium than females. Sixty-two percent of female athletes wanted to lose at least 5 lbs compared to 23% of males. The desire to lose weight was associated with decreased energy and macronutrient consumption, but not with inadequate micronutrient intakes.

scholarly journals 0228 The Impact of Westward Travel Across 9 Time Zones on Sleep Behaviors of Female Collegiate Athletes

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A88-A88
Author(s):  
D J Frisco ◽  
J A Goodrich ◽  
W C Byrnes ◽  
M Holliday ◽  
K P Wright
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Division I ◽  
Jet Lag ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Time Zones ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
Female Collegiate Athletes

Abstract Introduction Jet lag can significantly impact an athlete’s health and performance. However, the effect of ultra long-haul travel (> 12h flying time) westward across nine time zones on the sleep of female collegiate athletes is limited. We therefore studied the sleep behavior of NCAA Division I female volleyball players on an exhibition tour to China. Methods For this observational study, eleven females were recruited from a NCAA Division I Volleyball team. During the Tour, sleep behavior was monitored using wrist actigraphy (Actiwatch Spectrum, Phillips) before (5 days) outbound travel (PRE-FLIGHT), during air travel to (1) & from (2) China (FLIGHT-DAY 1 & 2) and during the athletes’ tour while in China (TOUR-DAY 1–8). Athletes were instructed to wear the actigraphs at all times, except during competition. Standard parameters were collected from the actigraph including sleep durations and sleep efficiency and expressed as mean ± sd. Results Sleep duration and sleep efficiency were similar for PRE-FLIGHT days (~8.3 hrs ± 1.5, 90.6 ± 3.2%). Sleep duration and efficiency were significantly lower on FLIGHT-DAY 1 & 2 compared to TOUR-DAY and PRE-FLIGHT, but were not significantly different from each other (~5.2 ± 2.4h, 80.5 ± 8.8%). Sleep duration during TOUR-DAY 1–7 followed a quadratic relationship, peaking on TOUR-DAY 1 and reaching a nadir on TOUR-DAY 5, before increasing again through TOUR-DAY 7 (p<0.05). Sleep duration on TOUR-DAY 8 (~5.9 ± 0.9 h) was significantly lower than PRE-FLIGHT and TOUR-DAY 1,2,6 & 7. Conclusion During travel female collegiate volleyball players showed sleep disturbance. Implementation of sleep interventions for jet lag are warranted for athletes traveling across multiple time zones. Support PAC-12 Student-Athlete Health and Wellbeing Initiative, Grant #1554240

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