The Effect of compound exercises using the (RANDOM SHOT) device and the electronc goal ln developing the speed of the motor response and the rapid ability of the two goal keepers youth football halls

مستخلص البحث تبلورت مشكلة البحث من خلال ادخال تمرينات مركبة باستعمال اجهزة علمية مثل جهاز ( RANDOM SHOT ) والهدف الالكتروني عند تطبيق تمرينات حراس مرمى المنتخب الوطني للشباب لكرة القدم للصالات. ومن خلال خبرة الباحثتان في المجال الميداني والاكاديمي وعلى الدراسات والبحوث والمقابلات الشخصية مع مدربي لعبة كره قدم للصالات فضلا عن متابعتهما سير التدريب. لاحظتا ان هناك تذبذب في الاستجابة الحركية والقدرة السريعة للرجلين لحراس المرمى والذي قد يعزى الى قلة اهتمام المدربين في تدريب هاتين القدرتين فضلا عن قلة الأجهزة والأدوات التي ترافق التمرينات التي تسمح بحدوث التنوع والتغيير والذي يُعد من القواعد المهمة في التدريب . لذا جاءت هذه الدراسة لتلقي الضوء على هكذا تمرينات وفق الأسس العلمية التي ترتبط بمكونات التدريب الفعلي الخاص بهذه اللعبة وما تتميز به من قدرات بدنية وحركية لغرض إحداث التطوير في مستوى هذه القدرات لحراس المرمى بادخال الوسائل التدريبية والأجهزة مساعده مثل الهدف الالكتروني والراندوم شوت فضلا عن تطبيق تمرينات مركبة يرافقة مؤثرات سمعية وبصرية لبث روح الحماس والابتعاد عن الملل والرتابة للمتدربين سعيا منا لتطوير الجانب البدني والحركي . وكانت هدفا البحث - اعداد تمرينات مركبة باستخدام جهاز ( RANDOM SHOT ) والهدف الالكتروني في تطوير سرعة الاستجابة الحركية والقدرة السريعة للرجلين لدى عينة البحث -والتعرف على تاثير التمرينات باستخدام جهاز ( RANDOM SHOT ) والهدف الالكتروني في تطوير سرعة الاستجابة الحركية والقدرة السريعة للرجلين لحراس مرمى كرة القدم للصالات.اما فرض البحث فكان -توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين نتائج الاختبارات القبلية والبعدية في سرعة الاستجابة الحركية والقدرة السريعة للرجلين لحراس مرمى منتخب الشباب بكرة القدم للصالات . وقد استخدام المنهج التجريبي بتصميم المجموعة الواحدة ذات الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي وقد حدد مجتمع البحث بحراس مرمى المنتخب العراقي للشباب بكرة القدم للصالات اما عينة البحث فقد اختيرت بالطريقة العمدية والبالغ عددهم 4 حراس مرمى حيث تم اجراء التجربة الاستطلاعية على 2 من حراس المرمى ضمن عينة البحث ، بعد ذلك تم اجراء الاختبارات القبلية لعينة البحث ومن ثم تطبيق التمرينات باستخدام الاجهزة المساعده . حيث تم تطبيقها في الجزء الرئيسي من الوحده التدريبية وبواقع 24 وحده تدريبية مقسمه على 3 وحدات تدريبية في الاسبوع ولمده شهرين وبعد ذلك تم اجراء الاختبارات البعدية لعينة البحث .واستخدمت الوسائل الاحصائية لمعالجه البيانات، واستنتجت الباحثتان ان التمرينات المركبة باستخدام الاجهزة ساعدت بصورة فعالة الى تطوير سرعة الاستجابة الحركية والقدرة السريعة للرجلين لدى حراس مرمى كرة القدم للصالات ومن اما اهم التوصيات ضرورة استخدام الوسائل التدريبية الحديثة والتركيز على جانب تطوير سرعة الاستجابة الحركيه والقدرة السريعة لحراس المرمى لانها من اهم الصفات البدنية التي تعتمد عليها الواجبات الدفاعية والهجومية لحارس المرمى. الكلمات الافتتاحية / تمرينات مركبة - سرعة الاستجابة الحركية والقدرة السريعة للرجلين- شباب كرة القدم للصالات The Effect of compoundexercises using the (RANDOM SHOT) device and the electronc goal ln developing the speed of the motor response and the rapid ability of the two goal keepers youth football halls Prof.Wadad Kazem Al-zuhairi Masters student-Diana Haidar Ghadban Abstract The research problem shaped through the entry of complex exercises with the introduction of scientific devices as a Random Shot, and the electronic goal when applying goalkeepers exercises for the national football team for halls. Through the experience of the researchers in the field and academic field, and on students, researchers and personal interviews with football coaches, as well as their follow up on the training course. The two researches noticed that there was a variation in the movement response and ability of the goalkeepers' feet. This may be attributed to the lack of interest of trainers in training these two abilities. As well as, the lack of equipment and tools that accompany exercises which allow for diversity and change to occur, it is regarded as one of the important rules in training. Therefore, this study came to shed light on such exercises according to the scientific foundations that are related to the actual training components that are related to the characterized by physical and movement capabilities for the purpose of bringing about development in the level of these capabilities for goalkeepers by introducing training methods and assistive devices like the electronic goal and Random Shot. As well as, applying complex exercises accompanied by audio and visual effects to spread enthusiasm and move away from boredom and monotony for the trainees in an effort to develop the physical and movement side. An objective of research and monotony for the trainers were preparing compound exercises using Random Shot and electronic goal in developing the speed of the motor response and the rapid ability of the feet of the football goalkeepers for halls. As for imposing search, there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre and post-tests of the kinetic response and rapid ability to the feet of the goalkeepers of the youth football team for halls. As for the research sample was deliberately chosen, consisted of four goalkeepers where the reconnaissance experiment was conducted on two goalkeepers within the research sample. After that, pretests were conducted for the research sample, and then, apply exercises using assistive devices where they were implemented in the main part of the training unit, with 24 units divided into 3 training units per week for a period of 2 months. After that, the posttests of the research sample were performed. Statistical methods were used to process the data. The two researchers concluded that combined exercises using devices helped effectively to develop the speed of movement response and the rapid ability of football goalkeepers feet for halls. One of the most important recommendations is the necessity of using modern training methods and the emphasis on the aspect of developing the speed of movement response and rapid ability of the goalkeeper, because it is one of the most physical characteristics on which the defensive and offensive duties of a goalkeeper depend. Key words: Compound exercises, The speed of movement response and the rapid ability of the feet, Youth football halls

A Perceived Zone of Certainty and Uncertainty: Propositions for Research Development

Possessing expert schemas is a positive feat that may yield different types of adaptive outcomes (e.g., informing procedural understanding that may result in a student skipping a few of the solution steps involved). Limited schemas, in contrast, may deter progress of a novice learner, limiting his/her capability to flourish. Taken as a whole, it may be concluded that expert schemas are more advantageous than novice schemas, differentiating learners in terms of expert and novice. Having said this, however, more recently, researchers have argued that possessing expert schemas could serve as deterrence. Recently, researchers have acknowledged a theoretical concept known as cognitive entrenchment, which is defined as a high level of stability in domain schemas. This description interestingly suggests that “entrenchment” or “situated fixation” of a course of action (e.g., a subject matter) could hinder the progress and learning experience of a person, namely—his/her inability and/or unwillingness to adapt to a new context, and/or his/her inflexibility and insistence to stay on course without any intent to change. One example of cognitive entrenchment is observed in professional football, wherein it has been argued that some football coaches are cognitively entrenched within their expert schemas, resulting in their demised game plans and strategic acumen. We advance the study of cognitive entrenchment by proposing an alternative viewpoint, which we term as the “perceived zone of certainty and uncertainty.” This proposition counters the perspective of cognitive entrenchment by arguing that it is cognitive appraisal, judgment, mental resolute, and determination of a person in cognitive certainty of his/her success or failure, or the cognitive uncertainty of success or failure, that would explain the notion of inflexibility and/or unwillingness to adapt, and/or insistence to stay on course without any attempt to deviate. Moreover, we rationalize that certainty of success or failure would closely associate with a feeling of comfort, whereas uncertainty would associate with his/her feeling discomfort. In this analysis, we strongly believe that willingness to change and adapt, reluctance and insistence to remain on course, and/or inclination to embrace flexibility may not necessarily relate to the concept of cognitive entrenchment; rather, inflexibility and/or reluctance to change for the purpose of adaptation has more to do with the desire of a person to seek a state of comfort. Finally, our conceptual analysis of cognitive entrenchment also considers an interesting theoretical concept, which we termed as “perceived optimal efficiency.” Perceived optimal efficiency, similar to cognitive relevance theory, is concerned with the relationship between minimum investment of time, effort, cognitive resources, etc., and an optimal best outcome. The issue for discussion, from our point of view, is related to the extent to which the certainty of success or failure would associate with perceived optimal efficiency.

Impact of One Additional Substitution on Player Load and Coaching Tactics in Elite Football

Professional football players, coaches, and researchers have discussed additional substitutions in football to reduce player load for a while. However, the effects of additional substitutions on the game have not yet been investigated in detail. The aim of this paper is to determine whether an additional substitution in (1) extra time and (2) regular time would be beneficial and would lead to (a) greater tactical influence of coaches on the match, (b) load reduction during one match, and (c) load reduction during one season. The methodological approach adopted includes two studies, both of which involve data analysis of substitution times (Study 1: n = 3060; Study 2: n = 1153) as well as a survey of football coaches (Study 1: n = 37; Study 2: n = 25). For assessing the effect of an additional substitution in regular time and in extra time, the substitutions made in the Bundesliga, U19-Bundesliga West, DFB-Cup, and 2018 World Cup were evaluated. The findings of this research clearly indicate the potential of an additional substitution by enabling almost 50% of additional load reduction in regular time and 27% in extra time. However, in practice, the findings showed the limits of an additional substitution in extra time on long-term load reduction.

Post-match Recovery Practices in Professional Football: Design, Validity, and Reliability of a New Questionnaire

Introduction: Although several approaches have been proposed to mitigate post-match fatigue, few studies have been conducted in team sports to understand the types of recovery methods and the underlying reasons for the choices of medical and technical staff. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable online questionnaire to assess the recovery practices implemented by football clubs within 72 h post-match.Methods: Two research members developed the original questionnaire proposal, and two experts in sports science and sports medicine confirmed the content and face validities. Then, 20 football coaches (age: 39.4 ± 6.8 years) with a minimum of 5 years of experience in professional football (9.1 ± 4.9 years) and with an academic background participated in determining the ecological validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The acceptability and relevance of the questionnaire were determined using descriptive statistics.Results: After confirming the content and face validities, one questionnaire section with two questions was excluded due to lack of relevance, seven open-ended questions were removed due to the adherence of small participants (i.e., 45.4%), and one section was divided into three to facilitate clearness in reading. The remaining sections were considered acceptable and relevant (>94.1%). About 91.8% of nominal and ordinal items derived from the questionnaire questions showed good to very good reliability outcomes (average k classification: 0.73 ± 0.13; min–max: 0.22–1.00, p < 0.05; average wk classification: 0.82 ± 0.15; min–max: 0.22–1.00, p < 0.05).Conclusions: This study provided a novel, valid, reliable, and easy-to-use tool to examine the post-match recovery practices in professional football contexts.

Mixed Method Research on Football Coaches’ Competitive Behavior

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to present the reliability of three validated measures, namely the System of Analysis of Instruction in Competition, the Questionnaire on Coach Instructional Behavior Expectations, and the Questionnaire on Coach Instructional Behavior Perception that could be used in a mix-method approach.MethodsThree instruments underwent a robust process of construct and reliability analysis. Inter− and intra-observer reliability was tested for the observational instrument using Cohen’s k-agreement measure. Reliability values above 0.85 were considered as a good agreement between and within observers. To verify the internal consistency of the questionnaires, the correlation coefficients were considered.ResultsThe results related to intra-observer and inter-observer reliability showed that intra-observer reliability k-agreement values ranged between 0.912 and 1 for observer 1, and 0.82 and 1 for observer 2. For inter-observer reliability, k-agreement values ranged between 0.885 and 1 between observers. Thus, values for reliability are above acceptable. The correlation coefficient values recorded for the questionnaires on instruction expectations in the competitive moment were above 0.82 and significant (p < 0.05), and for the questionnaire on instruction perception in competition above 0.88 and significant (p < 0.05). The pilot study showed some divergent results across expectations, behavior during competition, and perception about the instruction behavior.ConclusionThe observational system and the expectations and perceptions questionnaires, used in a complementary way, can be considered as a mix-method approach for studies aiming to examine coaches’ competitive behavior.

Importância dada às Competências Profissionais entre Treinadores Experientes e Treinadores Jovens do Futebol Distrital

The football coaches formation is a topic of considerable analysis and constant development. Today football coaches are very heterogeneous, whether in terms of experience as a coach, age, context of intervention and even past practice as a player. This heterogeneity may be more evident in regional football, since it is the basis of this sport, where most players and coaches begin their careers. Thus, regional football can present a big difference between the age and experience of the coaches, which leads to different views and interventions on the part of the coaches. So it is relevant to analyze the importance that coaches (expert and young) in this context give to different professional skills to understand what their convergences and divergences, 40 interviews were conducted (20 expert coaches and 20 young coaches) with an average age of 35.6 years and standard deviation of 8.6 years, following a script composed of five parts: a Personal and socio-professional characterization, the importance given by the interviewees to the Competencies: “Knowledge-Knowledge "," Knowledge-Do "and Knowledge-Be". We observed that both groups give relative importance to the different “knowledges”, however it is the Young Coaches who present the best results, with (51%) of items of (PNFT-RCFG).