Optic Flow Influences Perceived Exertion During Cycling

Optic flow on the retina creates a perception of a person’s movement relative to their surroundings. This study investigated the effect of optic flow on perceived exertion during cycling. Fifteen participants completed a 20-km reference cycling time trail in the fastest possible time followed by three randomly counterbalanced 20-km cycling trials. Optic flow, via projected video footage of a cycling course, either represented actual speed (TTNORM) or was varied by −15% (TTSLOW) and +15% (TTFAST). During TTSLOW, power output and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), measured every 4 km, were lower during TTSLOW compared with TTNORM and TTFAST. There were no differences in heart rate or cadence. This study is the first to show that different rates of optic flow influence perceived exertion during cycling, with slower optic flow being associated with lower RPE and higher power output.

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Ratings of Perceived Exertion, Heart Rate, and Power Output in Predicting Maximal Oxygen Uptake During Submaximal Cycle Ergometry

The Physician and Sportsmedicine ◽

10.1080/00913847.1986.11709015 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 133-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jack H. Wilmore ◽

Fred B. Roby ◽

Philip R. Stanforth ◽

Michael J. Buono ◽

Stefan H. Constable ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Power Output ◽

Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Cycle Ergometry ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion

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Potential Effect of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Exercise Economy in Well-Trained Females

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2021-0563 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stacey P A Forbes ◽

Lawrence L. Spriet

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Beetroot Juice ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Exercise Economy ◽

Higher Power ◽

Nitrate Supplementation ◽

Power Outputs

This study examined if acute dietary nitrate supplementation (140 ml beetroot juice, BRJ) would reduce oxygen consumption (V̇O2) during cycling at power outputs of 50 and 70% V̇O2max in 14 well-trained female Canadian University Ringette League athletes. BRJ had no effect on VO2 or heart rate but significantly reduced ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) at both intensities. Individually, 4 participants responded to BRJ supplementation with a ≥3% reduction in V̇O2 at the higher power output. • Acute BRJ supplementation did not improve exercise economy in well-trained females, but significantly reduced RPE. However, 4/14 subjects did respond with a ≥3% V̇O2 reduction.

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Opposition of Carbohydrate in a Mouth-Rinse Solution to the Detrimental Effect of Mouth Rinsing During Cycling Time Trials

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.23.1.48 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 48-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Sharon Gam ◽

Kym J. Guelfi ◽

Paul A. Fournier

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Time Trial ◽

Mouth Rinse ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Time To Completion ◽

The Difference ◽

Mouth Rinsing ◽

Cycling Time

Studies have reported that rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution improves cycling time-trial performance compared with rinsing with a placebo solution. However, no studies have compared the effect of mouth rinsing with a no-mouth-rinse control condition. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a CHO mouth rinse with those of a placebo rinse and a no-rinse condition. Ten male cyclists completed three 1,000-kJ cycling time trials in a randomized, counterbalanced order. At every 12.5% of the time trial completed, participants were required to rinse their mouths for 5 s with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO), water (WA), or no solution (CON). Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded every 25% of the time trial completed. Time to completion was faster in both CHO (65.7 ± 11.07 min) and CON (67.6 ± 12.68 min) than in WA (69.4 ± 13.81 min; p = .013 and p = .042, respectively). The difference between CHO and CON approached significance (p = .086). There were no differences in heart rate or RPE between any conditions. In summary, repeated mouth rinsing with water results in decreased performance relative to not rinsing at all. Adding CHO to the rinse solution appears to oppose this fall in performance, possibly providing additional benefits to performance compared with not rinsing the mouth at all. This brings into question the magnitude of the effect of CHO mouth rinsing reported in previous studies that did not include a no-rinse condition.

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The effect of caffeine mouth rinse on self-paced cycling performance

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep140015 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 239-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

L. Bottoms ◽

H. Hurst ◽

A. Scriven ◽

F. Lynch ◽

J. Bolton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Power Output ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Mouth Rinse ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion

The aim of the study was to determine whether caffeine mouth rinse would improve 30 min self-paced cycling trial. Twelve healthy active males (age 20.5±0.7 years, mass 87.4±18.3 kg) volunteered for the study. They attended the laboratory on 3 separate occasions performing a 30 min self-paced cycling trial. On one occasion water was given as a mouth rinse for 5 s (PLA), on another occasion a 6.4% maltodextrin (CHO) solution was given for 5 s and finally a caffeine solution (containing 32 mg of caffeine dissolved in 125 ml water; CAF) was given for 5 s. Distance cycled, heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, cadence, speed and power output were recorded throughout all trials. Distance cycled during the CAF mouth rinse trial (16.2±2.8 km) was significantly greater compared to PLA trial (14.9±2.6 km). There was no difference between CHO and CAF trials (P=0.89). Cadence, power and velocity were significantly greater during the CAF trial compared to both PLA and CHO (P<0.05). There were no differences between trials for heart rate and perceived exertion (P>0.05). Caffeine mouth rinse improves 30 min cycling performance by allowing the participant to increase cadence, power and velocity without a concurrent increase in perceived exertion and heart rate.

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Self-paced exercise in hot and cool conditions is associated with the maintenance of %V̇o2peak within a narrow range

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00084.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 118 (10) ◽

pp. 1258-1265 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Julien D. Périard ◽

Sébastien Racinais

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Power Output ◽

Time Course ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Narrow Range ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Relative Exercise Intensity

This study examined the time course and extent of decrease in peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) during self-paced exercise in HOT (35°C and 60% relative humidity) and COOL (18°C and 40% relative humidity) laboratory conditions. Ten well-trained cyclists completed four consecutive 16.5-min time trials (15-min self-paced effort with 1.5-min maximal end-spurt to determine V̇o2peak) interspersed by 5 min of recovery on a cycle ergometer in each condition. Rectal temperature increased significantly more in HOT (39.4 ± 0.7°C) than COOL (38.6 ± 0.3°C; P < 0.001). Power output was lower throughout HOT compared with COOL ( P < 0.001). The decrease in power output from trial 1 to 4 was ∼16% greater in HOT ( P < 0.001). Oxygen uptake (V̇o2) was lower throughout HOT than COOL ( P < 0.05), except at 5 min and during the end-spurt in trial 1. In HOT, V̇o2peak reached 97, 89, 85, and 85% of predetermined maximal V̇o2, whereas in COOL 97, 94, 93, and 92% were attained. Relative exercise intensity (%V̇o2peak) during trials 1 and 2 was lower in HOT (∼84%) than COOL (∼86%; P < 0.05), decreasing slightly during trials 3 and 4 (∼80 and ∼85%, respectively; P < 0.05). However, heart rate was higher throughout HOT ( P = 0.002), and ratings of perceived exertion greater during trials 3 and 4 in HOT ( P < 0.05). Consequently, the regulation of self-paced exercise appears to occur in conjunction with the maintenance of %V̇o2peak within a narrow range (80-85% V̇o2peak). This range widens under heat stress, however, when exercise becomes protracted and a disassociation develops between relative exercise intensity, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion.

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Difference in Pacing Between Time- and Distance-Based Time Trials in Trained Cyclists

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2015-0613 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1018-1023 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Chris R. Abbiss ◽

Kevin G. Thompson ◽

Marcin Lipski ◽

Tim Meyer ◽

Sabrina Skorski

Keyword(s):

Power Output ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Average Power ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Similar Time ◽

Long Duration ◽

Higher Power ◽

Average Power Output ◽

Rate Of Decline ◽

Power Outputs

The purpose of this study was to compare the pacing profiles between distance- and duration-based trials of short and long duration. Thirteen trained cyclists completed 2 time-based (6 and 30 min) and 2 distance-based (4 and 20 km) self-paced cycling time trials. Participants were instructed to complete each trial with the highest average power output. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were measured throughout the trials. Average power output was not different between the 4-km and 6-min trials (324 ± 46 vs 325 ± 45 W; P = .96) or between the 20-km and 30-min trials (271 ± 44 vs 267 ± 38 W; P = .24). Power output was greater on commencement of the distance-based trials when short and long trials were analyzed together. Furthermore, the rate of decline in power output over the 1st 40% of the trial was greater in the 20-km trial than in the 30-min trial (P = .01) but not different between the 4-km and the 6-min trials (P = .13). RPE was greater in the 4-km trial than in the 6-min trial but not different between the 20-km and 30-min trials. These findings indicate that athletes commenced distance-based time trials at relatively higher power outputs than a similar time-based trial. Such findings may result from discrete differences in our ability to judge or predict an exercise endpoint when performing time- and distance-based trials.

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Psychophysical and physiological comparison of squat and semi-squat lifting by young males

Occupational Ergonomics ◽

10.3233/oer-2000-2102 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 17-26

Author(s):

Leon Straker ◽

Carol Cain

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Lower Heart Rate ◽

Young Males ◽

Squat Lifting

A comparison between semi-squat and squat techniques was made for floor to knuckle height lifting using maximum acceptable weight (MAW), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate. Semi-squat lifting resulted in greater MAW with lower RPE and lower heart rate compared to squat lifting. Discomfort was most commonly reported in knees/quadriceps with squat lifting. Twelve of the 13 subjects preferred the semi-squat technique. The results provide evidence that the semi-squat technique may have benefits over the squat technique for lifting a medium sized box from floor to knuckle height.

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THE EFFECT OF EXCESS BODY WEIGHT ON RATINGS OF PERCEIVED EXERTION (RPE) AND HEART RATE (HR) IN OBESE INDIVIDUALS

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/00005768-199205001-01098 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 24 (Supplement) ◽

pp. S183

Author(s):

P. C. Di vico ◽

E. Omohundro ◽

S. P. von Duvillard

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Body Weight ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Excess Body Weight ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion

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A Systematic Review of Submaximal Cycle Tests to Predict, Monitor, and Optimize Cycling Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2016-0174 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 707-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Benoit Capostagno ◽

Michael I. Lambert ◽

Robert P. Lamberts

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Power Output ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Heart Rate Recovery ◽

Mechanical Efficiency ◽

Cycling Performance ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Gross Mechanical Efficiency ◽

Multiple Variables

Finding the optimal balance between high training loads and recovery is a constant challenge for cyclists and their coaches. Monitoring improvements in performance and levels of fatigue is recommended to correctly adjust training to ensure optimal adaptation. However, many performance tests require a maximal or exhaustive effort, which reduces their real-world application. The purpose of this review was to investigate the development and use of submaximal cycling tests that can be used to predict and monitor cycling performance and training status. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, and 3 separate submaximal cycling tests were identified from within those 12. Submaximal variables including gross mechanical efficiency, oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate, lactate, predicted time to exhaustion (pTE), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), power output, and heart-rate recovery (HRR) were the components of the 3 tests. pTE, submaximal power output, RPE, and HRR appear to have the most value for monitoring improvements in performance and indicate a state of fatigue. This literature review shows that several submaximal cycle tests have been developed over the last decade with the aim to predict, monitor, and optimize cycling performance. To be able to conduct a submaximal test on a regular basis, the test needs to be short in duration and as noninvasive as possible. In addition, a test should capture multiple variables and use multivariate analyses to interpret the submaximal outcomes correctly and alter training prescription if needed.

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