Difference in Pacing Between Time- and Distance-Based Time Trials in Trained Cyclists

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1018-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris R. Abbiss ◽  
Kevin G. Thompson ◽  
Marcin Lipski ◽  
Tim Meyer ◽  
Sabrina Skorski
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Power Outputs

The purpose of this study was to compare the pacing profiles between distance- and duration-based trials of short and long duration. Thirteen trained cyclists completed 2 time-based (6 and 30 min) and 2 distance-based (4 and 20 km) self-paced cycling time trials. Participants were instructed to complete each trial with the highest average power output. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were measured throughout the trials. Average power output was not different between the 4-km and 6-min trials (324 ± 46 vs 325 ± 45 W; P = .96) or between the 20-km and 30-min trials (271 ± 44 vs 267 ± 38 W; P = .24). Power output was greater on commencement of the distance-based trials when short and long trials were analyzed together. Furthermore, the rate of decline in power output over the 1st 40% of the trial was greater in the 20-km trial than in the 30-min trial (P = .01) but not different between the 4-km and the 6-min trials (P = .13). RPE was greater in the 4-km trial than in the 6-min trial but not different between the 20-km and 30-min trials. These findings indicate that athletes commenced distance-based time trials at relatively higher power outputs than a similar time-based trial. Such findings may result from discrete differences in our ability to judge or predict an exercise endpoint when performing time- and distance-based trials.

scholarly journals Optic Flow Influences Perceived Exertion During Cycling

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Parry ◽  
Camilla Chinnasamy ◽  
Dominic Micklewright
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Cycling Time

Optic flow on the retina creates a perception of a person’s movement relative to their surroundings. This study investigated the effect of optic flow on perceived exertion during cycling. Fifteen participants completed a 20-km reference cycling time trail in the fastest possible time followed by three randomly counterbalanced 20-km cycling trials. Optic flow, via projected video footage of a cycling course, either represented actual speed (TTNORM) or was varied by −15% (TTSLOW) and +15% (TTFAST). During TTSLOW, power output and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), measured every 4 km, were lower during TTSLOW compared with TTNORM and TTFAST. There were no differences in heart rate or cadence. This study is the first to show that different rates of optic flow influence perceived exertion during cycling, with slower optic flow being associated with lower RPE and higher power output.

The Isocapnic Buffering Phase and Mechanical Efficiency: Relationship to Cycle Time Trial Performance of Short and Long Duration

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Bentley ◽  
Veronica E. Vleck ◽  
Gregoire P. Millet
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the isocapnic buffer (βisocapnic) and hypocapnic hyperventilation (HHV) phases as well as performance in a short (20-min) and long (90-min) time trial (TT) in trained athletes. In addition, gross (GE, %) and delta (ΔE, %) efficiency were calculated and the relationship between these variables and the average power output (W) in each TT was determined. Thirteen male endurance athletes (Mean ± SD age 31 ± 6 yrs; body mass 75.6 ± 6.3 kg; height 185 ± 6 cm) completed a continuous incremental test to exhaustion for determination of the βisocapnic and HHV phases. A second submaximal test was used to determine GE and ΔE. The average power output (W) was measured in a 20-min and 90-min cycling TT. The βisocapnic phase (W) was significantly correlated to the average power output (W) in the 20-min TT (r = 0.58; p <  0.05), but not in the 90-min TT (r = 0.28). The HHV phase (W) was not significantly correlated to the average power output in the 20-min or 90-min TT. No significant correlation was found for GE or for ΔE and performance in the TT. The data from this study shows that βisocapnic together with HHV is not likely to be a useful indicator of cycle TT performance of 20- to 90-min duration. Furthermore, GE and ΔE determined from a submaximal incremental stepwise test are not related to cycling TT performance of different duration. Key words: incremental, correlation, metabolism, athletes, fatigue

scholarly journals Potential Effect of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Exercise Economy in Well-Trained Females

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey P A Forbes ◽  
Lawrence L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Economy ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Power Outputs

This study examined if acute dietary nitrate supplementation (140 ml beetroot juice, BRJ) would reduce oxygen consumption (V̇O2) during cycling at power outputs of 50 and 70% V̇O2max in 14 well-trained female Canadian University Ringette League athletes. BRJ had no effect on VO2 or heart rate but significantly reduced ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) at both intensities. Individually, 4 participants responded to BRJ supplementation with a ≥3% reduction in V̇O2 at the higher power output. • Acute BRJ supplementation did not improve exercise economy in well-trained females, but significantly reduced RPE. However, 4/14 subjects did respond with a ≥3% V̇O2 reduction.

Validity of the Borg Perceived Exertion Scale for Use in Semirecumbent Ergometry during Immersion in Water

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Robertson ◽  
Fredric Goss ◽  
Timothy Michael ◽  
Niall Moyna ◽  
Paul Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Body Correlation

This investigation examined the validity of the Borg 15-category Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale during semirecumbent exercise in 32°C water. 9 men undertook 12 8-min. trials at 3 power outputs and 4 pedal-crank rates. The power output was distributed between the arms (20%) and legs (80%). RPEs were measured for the arms, legs, chest, and over-all body. Correlation coefficients for RPE expressed as a function of power output and gross metabolic efficiency (MEG) ranged from .56 to .83 and .54 to .70, respectively, for each pedal-crank rate. Validity coefficients were greatest at those pedal-crank rates having the highest MEG. The Borg 15-category RPE scale is valid for use during semirecumbent exercise in water.

Changes in Elbow Flexor Power with Intermittent Contractions and Various Loads

2008 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 597-606
Author(s):  
Shunsuke Yamaji ◽  
Shinichi Demura ◽  
Hiroki Aoki ◽  
Kei Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Intermittent Contractions

This study examined intermittent elbow flexion every 2 see. for 1 min. using various loads to study the properties of muscle power output and their relationship to peak power, defined as the maximum power output. 18 young men performed intermittent explosive elbow flexion (30 times × min.−1) using 30%, 40%, and 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The power outputs at 30% and 40% MVC slightly decreased (rate of decrease from peak power to average power output during the 26 to 30 contractions was about 5%). However, at 50% MVC, there was a marked decrease (33.6%). Power output for 8 contractions was significantly larger at 50% MVC than at 30% and 40% MVC, but after 9 contractions there was no significant difference between 40% and 50% MVC. In addition, after 27 contractions, 40% MVC was significantly larger than 30% and 50% MVC. That is, the tendency for power output to decrease differed among the various loads. The rate of decrease of power outputs showed no significant correlation with peak power for each load. Therefore, the rate of decrease or power output in intermittent contractions may help sustain the power output and cannot be evaluated as accurately as peak power.

The Influence of Blood Removal on Pacing During a 4-Minute Cycling Time Trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1085-1092
Author(s):  
Nathan G. Lawler ◽  
Chris R. Abbiss ◽  
Aaron Raman ◽  
Timothy J. Fairchild ◽  
Garth L. Maker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Output ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Energy Contribution ◽  
Cycling Time Trial ◽  
Baseline Testing ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Cycling Time

Purpose:To examine the influence of manipulating aerobic contribution after whole-blood removal on pacing patterns, performance, and energy contribution during self-paced middle-distance cycling.Methods:Seven male cyclists (33 ± 8 y) completed an incremental cycling test followed 20 min later by a 4-min self-paced cycling time trial (4MMP) on 6 separate occasions over 42 d. The initial 2 sessions acted as familiarization and baseline testing, after which 470 mL of blood was removed, with the remaining sessions performed 24 h, 7 d, 21 d, and 42 d after blood removal. During all 4MMP trials, power output, oxygen uptake, and aerobic and anaerobic contribution to power were determined.Results:4MMP average power output significantly decreased by 7% ± 6%, 6% ± 8%, and 4% ± 6% at 24 h, 7 d, and 21 d after blood removal, respectively. Compared with baseline, aerobic contribution during the 4MMP was significantly reduced by 5% ± 4%, 4% ± 5%, and 4% ± 10% at 24 h, 7 d, and 21 d, respectively. The rate of decline in power output on commencement of the 4MMP was significantly attenuated and was 76% ± 20%, 72% ± 24%, and 75% ± 35% lower than baseline at 24 h, 21 d, and 42 d, respectively.Conclusion:Removal of 470 mL of blood reduces aerobic energy contribution, alters pacing patterns, and decreases performance during self-paced cycling. These findings indicate the importance of aerobic energy distribution during self-paced middle-distance events.

A Comparison of Maximal Power Outputs between Elite Male and Female Weightlifters in Competition

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Garhammer
Keyword(s):  
High Power ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Maximal Power ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Average Power Output ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Basic Strength

Films taken at the first Women’s World Weightlifting Championship were analyzed to determine the average power output during the total pulling phase, and the second pull phase, for the heaviest successful snatch and clean lift of gold medalists in each of nine body-weight divisions. Comparisons were made with previously published data on power output by male lifters in World and Olympic competition. Average relative power output values were one and a half to two times greater for both men and women when only the second pull phase of each lift was analyzed. Results show that women can generate higher short-term power outputs than previously documented, but lower than for men in absolute values and relative to body mass. Male/female comparisons in other high power sport events and basic strength measures are discussed. The high power outputs suggest the value of including the types of lifts analyzed in training programs to improve short-term power output.

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing in the Fed State: Lack of Enhancement of Time-Trial Performance

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milou Beelen ◽  
Jort Berghuis ◽  
Ben Bonaparte ◽  
Sam B. Ballak ◽  
Asker E. Jeukendrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Mouth Rinsing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trial Performance

It has been reported previously that mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate-containing solution can improve cycling performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of such a carbohydrate mouth rinse on exercise performance during a simulated time trial in a more practical, postprandial setting. Fourteen male endurance-trained athletes were selected to perform 2 exercise tests in the morning after consuming a standardized breakfast. They performed an ~1-hr time trial on a cycle ergometer while rinsing their mouths with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or water (PLA) after every 12.5% of the set amount of work. Borg’s rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed after every 25% of the set amount of work, and power output and heart rate were recorded continuously throughout the test. Performance time did not differ between treatments and averaged 68.14 ± 1.14 and 67.52 ± 1.00 min in CHO and PLA, respectively (p = .57). In accordance, average power output (265 ± 5 vs. 266 ± 5 W, p = .58), heart rate (169 ± 2 vs. 168 ± 2 beats/min, p = .43), and RPE (16.4 ± 0.3 vs. 16.7 ± 0.3 W, p = .26) did not differ between treatments. Furthermore, after dividing the trial into 8s, no differences in power output, heart rate, or perceived exertion were observed over time between treatments. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not improve time-trial performance when exercise is performed in a practical, postprandial setting.

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