The Perceived Impacts of Sport Tourism: An Urban Host Community Perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Hritz ◽  
Craig Ross
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Tourism Impacts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Perceived Impacts ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Social Environmental

Sport tourism is one of the fastest growing market segments in the tourism industry and is receiving increased attention for its social, environmental, and economic impacts upon destinations. Prior research in tourism impacts has tended to focus exclusively on tourism as a whole and does not differentiate among the different types of tourism that may be present in a destination. The purpose of this study was to examine how residents of Indianapolis, Indiana perceived the impacts sport tourism has upon their city. A total of 347 surveys were returned in a mailed questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a four factor structure of social benefits, environmental benefits, economic benefits, and general negative impacts. Social and economic benefits were strong predictors for support for further sport tourism development revealing a strong identification with the advantages of sport tourism in their city such as an increased cultural identity and social interaction opportunities.

scholarly journals HOST COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF FREEDOM CAMPING IMPACTS: A SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY PERSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Lonergan
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Exchange Theory ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tourism Impact ◽  
Tourism Impacts ◽  
Perceived Impacts ◽  
Negative Impacts

<p>Residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts in a destination have been widely examined throughout tourism literature. These studies, often underpinned by social exchange theory, show that residents who are dependent on the tourism industry, or perceive a greater level of economic gain from it, tend to have more positive perceptions of the impacts than others (Andereck et al., 2005; Ap, 1992; Tosun, 2002). According to Tosun (2002, p.233), ‘residents benefiting from tourism have a higher level of support for it and thus report more positive impacts’. It is suggested that destinations need to understand what the impacts of tourism are to manage them effectively (Haywood, 1988). Whilst much research has been done on tourism impacts, little work has focused on the activity of freedom camping and how it can impact a destination. Freedom camping is when an individual camps on public land that is not a recognised camping ground or holiday park. This exploratory study uses the research location of the Taupō District, New Zealand, to examine the impacts of freedom camping on the host community of the destination. The aim of this research is to understand what the host community’s perceived impacts of freedom camping are and how these perceptions may vary based on a host community member’s employment relationship with tourism. Additionally, it aims to examine the host community’s overall support of freedom camping. A sample of 182 Taupō District residents were surveyed using researcher administered self-complete questionnaires. Validated tourism impact items were adopted and combined with freedom camping impacts to measure the host community’s perceptions of freedom camping’s impact in the district. Residents were self-appointed into one of four employment groups; those directly employed in tourism, those indirectly employed in tourism, those whose employment has no relation to tourism, and those not in employment. Findings of this study show the differing perceptions within the host community towards freedom camping impacts, with the most negatively perceived impacts pertaining to the effects on the natural environment and public spaces. It was also found that there were no statistically significant differences in the perceptions between the employment groups evaluated in the study. Overall, there are varying levels of support for freedom camping in the Taupō District, with respondents highlighting the need for more facilities and regulations to manage the activity. This research produces important implications for academia by contributing to the knowledge base on freedom camping and recommending avenues of future research. Furthermore, this research has implications for the Taupō District Council and Government by identifying the key areas of concern of the host community about freedom camping, which need to be addressed and managed to reduce the negative impacts and ensure the activity’s success. </p> <p>Key words: Freedom Camping, Tourism Impacts, Host Community, Social Exchange Theory, Taupō District </p>

scholarly journals Host Community Perceptions Of Freedom Camping Impacts: A Social Exchange Theory Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Lonergan
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Exchange Theory ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tourism Impact ◽  
Tourism Impacts ◽  
Perceived Impacts ◽  
Negative Impacts

<p>Residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts in a destination have been widely examined throughout tourism literature. These studies, often underpinned by social exchange theory, show that residents who are dependent on the tourism industry, or perceive a greater level of economic gain from it, tend to have more positive perceptions of the impacts than others (Andereck et al., 2005; Ap, 1992; Tosun, 2002). According to Tosun (2002, p.233), ‘residents benefiting from tourism have a higher level of support for it and thus report more positive impacts’. It is suggested that destinations need to understand what the impacts of tourism are to manage them effectively (Haywood, 1988). Whilst much research has been done on tourism impacts, little work has focused on the activity of freedom camping and how it can impact a destination. Freedom camping is when an individual camps on public land that is not a recognised camping ground or holiday park. This exploratory study uses the research location of the Taupō District, New Zealand, to examine the impacts of freedom camping on the host community of the destination. The aim of this research is to understand what the host community’s perceived impacts of freedom camping are and how these perceptions may vary based on a host community member’s employment relationship with tourism. Additionally, it aims to examine the host community’s overall support of freedom camping. A sample of 182 Taupō District residents were surveyed using researcher administered self-complete questionnaires. Validated tourism impact items were adopted and combined with freedom camping impacts to measure the host community’s perceptions of freedom camping’s impact in the district. Residents were self-appointed into one of four employment groups; those directly employed in tourism, those indirectly employed in tourism, those whose employment has no relation to tourism, and those not in employment. Findings of this study show the differing perceptions within the host community towards freedom camping impacts, with the most negatively perceived impacts pertaining to the effects on the natural environment and public spaces. It was also found that there were no statistically significant differences in the perceptions between the employment groups evaluated in the study. Overall, there are varying levels of support for freedom camping in the Taupō District, with respondents highlighting the need for more facilities and regulations to manage the activity. This research produces important implications for academia by contributing to the knowledge base on freedom camping and recommending avenues of future research. Furthermore, this research has implications for the Taupō District Council and Government by identifying the key areas of concern of the host community about freedom camping, which need to be addressed and managed to reduce the negative impacts and ensure the activity’s success. </p> <p>Key words: Freedom Camping, Tourism Impacts, Host Community, Social Exchange Theory, Taupō District </p>

scholarly journals HOST COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF FREEDOM CAMPING IMPACTS: A SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY PERSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Lonergan
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Exchange Theory ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tourism Impact ◽  
Tourism Impacts ◽  
Perceived Impacts ◽  
Negative Impacts

<p>Residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts in a destination have been widely examined throughout tourism literature. These studies, often underpinned by social exchange theory, show that residents who are dependent on the tourism industry, or perceive a greater level of economic gain from it, tend to have more positive perceptions of the impacts than others (Andereck et al., 2005; Ap, 1992; Tosun, 2002). According to Tosun (2002, p.233), ‘residents benefiting from tourism have a higher level of support for it and thus report more positive impacts’. It is suggested that destinations need to understand what the impacts of tourism are to manage them effectively (Haywood, 1988). Whilst much research has been done on tourism impacts, little work has focused on the activity of freedom camping and how it can impact a destination. Freedom camping is when an individual camps on public land that is not a recognised camping ground or holiday park. This exploratory study uses the research location of the Taupō District, New Zealand, to examine the impacts of freedom camping on the host community of the destination. The aim of this research is to understand what the host community’s perceived impacts of freedom camping are and how these perceptions may vary based on a host community member’s employment relationship with tourism. Additionally, it aims to examine the host community’s overall support of freedom camping. A sample of 182 Taupō District residents were surveyed using researcher administered self-complete questionnaires. Validated tourism impact items were adopted and combined with freedom camping impacts to measure the host community’s perceptions of freedom camping’s impact in the district. Residents were self-appointed into one of four employment groups; those directly employed in tourism, those indirectly employed in tourism, those whose employment has no relation to tourism, and those not in employment. Findings of this study show the differing perceptions within the host community towards freedom camping impacts, with the most negatively perceived impacts pertaining to the effects on the natural environment and public spaces. It was also found that there were no statistically significant differences in the perceptions between the employment groups evaluated in the study. Overall, there are varying levels of support for freedom camping in the Taupō District, with respondents highlighting the need for more facilities and regulations to manage the activity. This research produces important implications for academia by contributing to the knowledge base on freedom camping and recommending avenues of future research. Furthermore, this research has implications for the Taupō District Council and Government by identifying the key areas of concern of the host community about freedom camping, which need to be addressed and managed to reduce the negative impacts and ensure the activity’s success. </p> <p>Key words: Freedom Camping, Tourism Impacts, Host Community, Social Exchange Theory, Taupō District </p>

The Economic, Social and Environmental Impacts

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Simon Hudson ◽  
Louise Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Winter Sport ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Analytical Frameworks ◽  
Social And Environmental Impacts

The unprecedented expansion of tourism has given rise to a number of economic, environmental and social impacts that tend to be concentrated in destination areas (Wall & Mathieson, 2006). Tourism research has typically emphasized the economic impacts and yet there are increasing concerns about the effects of tourism on host societies and their environments. A number of techniques have been developed to monitor these impacts. Common analytical frameworks include an environmental audit, environmental impact analysis, carrying capacity, and community assessment techniques. It is beyond the scope of this book to cover these techniques in detail, but the tourism manager needs to have knowledge of the most current models. Managers must also have an understanding of the principles of sustainable tourism, described as “tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well-being of other activities and processes” (Butler, 1993, p. 29). As shown in the Spotlight above, Canadian Mountain Holidays is a good example of this. This increasing emphasis on sustainability has important implications for winter sport tourism, and this chapter focuses on the three pillars of sustainability – the economy, the environment and society. In the past, winter sport tourism was encouraged for its economic benefits with little consideration for the effects on the environment. But this is beginning to change. For tourism to be sustainable, it is vital that its impacts are understood, so that they can be incorporated into planning and management. Table 10.1 lists just some of the positive and negative impacts of winter sport tourism according to experts, many of which are covered in more detail throughout this chapter.

Environmental Impacts and Benefits of Agroforestry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibu Jose
Keyword(s):  
Soil Health ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Agronomic Crops ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

Agroforestry systems, the planting of perennial trees and/or shrubs with annual agronomic crops or pasture, have been proposed as more environmentally benign, alternative systems for agricultural production in both temperate and tropical regions of the world. Agroforestry provides a number of environmental benefits as confirmed by scientific literature. The four major environmental benefits of agroforestry are (1) climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration, (2) biodiversity conservation, (3) soil health enrichment, and (4) air and water quality improvement. In addition to environmental benefits, the economic benefits of multiple crops within agroforestry systems have also generated interest in their adoption by farmers the world over. The major negative impacts come from conversion or degradation of forests following certain traditional practices, which may not fit in the definition of modern agroforestry. Challenges remain for widespread adoption of agroforestry, particularly in the temperate world; however, a new resurgence of interest in this land-use practice among small-scale farmers has shed light on a path toward its possible success. Past evidence clearly indicates that agroforestry, as part of a multifunctional working landscape, can offer not only economic return, but also a number of ecosystem services and environmental benefits for a sustainable society.

scholarly journals Estimating the Perceived Socio-Economic Impacts of Hosting Large-Scale Sport Tourism Events

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Perić
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Sport Events

Large-scale sport events help attract a wide range of attendees, resulting in various implications for the host community. This paper is concerned with understanding the legacy of the 13th EHF European Handball Championship, held in Croatia in January 2018, by assessing the event’s economic and social benefits and costs. Drawing on the Social Exchange Theory, it also examines if any significant differences exist between host city residents and non-host city residents regarding their perceived impacts of this event on the host cities. The number of impacts was reduced by Exploratory Factor Analysis. Differences between host city and non-host city residents were examined by an independent samples t-test. The results suggest that community development and pride, security risks, traffic problems, economic benefits, environmental concerns, and economic costs are the main impact dimensions. Non-host city residents expressed a higher level of agreement with most of the impacts, but significant differences exist primarily within the dimensions of community development and pride, economic benefits, traffic problems, and environmental concerns. These findings could benefit event planners and sport marketers when trying to acquire community-wide support and to better understand how residents perceive both the positive and negative impacts that events generate.

The future of sustainable tourism development for the Greek enterprises that provide sport tourism

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1155-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Yfantidou ◽  
Eleni Spyridopoulou ◽  
Charilaos Kouthouris ◽  
Panagiota Balaska ◽  
Michela Matarazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Coastal Pollution ◽  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Sustainable Tourism Development ◽  
Green Tourism

‘Green tourism’ is defined as tourism that enhances local cultural elements, which are operating under the control of local communities, providing employment and maintaining economic benefits within the local communities. In fact, many times the above definition is poorly utilized, since there are times when the economic benefits dim from local communities. Tourism industry uses the term as a message to tourists on energy saving, avoiding coastal pollution and so on. Sometimes, the same tourist businesses are accused of using the term or labelling ‘green’ primarily for marketing purposes. Although it is a fact that tourism industry is starting to respond to the changing values of tourists regarding environmental issues, however, the purpose of this research is to infer if there is a future for sustainable tourism development concerning the enterprises that provide sport tourism in Greece.

Overtourism: Residents’ perceived impacts of tourism saturation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Berselli ◽  
Lucimari Acosta Pereira ◽  
Tércio Pereira ◽  
Flôres Limberger
Keyword(s):  
Public Services ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Perceived Impacts

Tourism is a dynamic industry due to changes in the consumer market, and its constant development impacts the host community. Although the adverse outcomes of tourism are not a new phenomenon, new dynamics make this issue of ongoing importance. Governments see the activity primarily as fostering economic development in developing countries with little concern about possible overtourism. This paper aims to identify which indicators influence residents’ perceptions of tourist saturation as an indication of overtourism. These perceptions are examined as a multidimensional construct, comprised of several indicators, namely environmental, cultural, behavioral, public services, benefits, and economic costs. The proposed model is assessed with a sample of 477 residents in coastal destinations of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The results show that the perception of excessive numbers of tourists is increased by environmental indicators, economic costs, and behavioral indicators. These indicators contribute to a greater perception of overtourism. In contrast, the indicators of economic benefits and public services show a negative relationship with the perception of overtourism. This research indicates that when the population realizes the economic benefits and has access to quality public services, the perception of overtourism is lower. The findings contribute to the literature on overtourism in certain destinations.

Tourism in China: A Study of its Impact on Economy, Culture and Society

2013 ◽  
Vol 275-277 ◽  
pp. 2723-2726
Author(s):  
Xiao Yan Su
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Tourism Impacts ◽  
Negative Impacts

With rapid development of tourism industry in China, more and more literature study on tourist impacts attracts scholars’ research interests, especially tourist impacts on destinations. Tourism impacts mainly include four aspects, which are economy, culture, society, and environment. In China, it refers mainly to the former three fields. This article describes the positive and negative impacts of these three fields in China.

scholarly journals Empirical Study of the Impact of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Water Footprint Benefit in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daxue KAN ◽  
Weichiao HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Outward Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Different Types

How to enhance the water footprint benefit in conjunction with outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) is of great significance to reconcile the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources. This paper examines the effect of OFDI on the water footprint benefit using system GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) on a dynamic panel data. The results revealed that, in general, OFDI was not conducive to enhancing social, spatial, and environmental benefits of China’s water footprint, but was conducive for improving water footprint economic benefits. The results also showed that different types of OFDI exert differential effects on water footprint benefits. Specifically, the market-seeking and resource-seeking types of OFDI are not conducive for enhancing social and spatial benefits of China’s water footprint, but have improved (although not significantly) economic benefits of the water footprint. However, the market-seeking type of OFDI is conducive for improving environmental benefits of the water footprint, while the resource-seeking OFDI is not conducive for improving environmental benefits of the water footprint. In addition, the technology-seeking OFDI is conducive to the social, economic, spatial, and environmental benefits of China’s water footprint. Furthermore, the path-wise OFDI (investing in developing countries) is not conducive to enhancing social, spatial, and environmental benefits of China’s water footprint, but has improved (although not significantly) the economic benefits of China’s water footprint. On the other hand, the inverse OFDI (investing in developed countries) is conducive to China’s water footprint including its social, economic, spatial, and environmental benefits. The findings from this study have relevant policy implications and can help provide some policy prescriptions for an economy such as China to engage in OFDI and enhance water footprint benefits. For instance, in addition to expanding market-seeking and resource- seeking OFDI, China should actively increase the scale of technology-seeking OFDI. In addition, while continuing to expand path-wise OFDI, China should further increase the scale of inverse OFDI. By taking advantage of the complementary and synergetic effects of different types of OFDI, an economy can capture the whole effects of OFDI to reap the water footprint’s full social, economic, spatial, and environmental benefits.

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