scholarly journals Sport Sponsorship: The Relationship Between Team Loyalty, Sponsorship Awareness, Attitude Toward the Sponsor, and Purchase Intentions

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Biscaia ◽  
Abel Correia ◽  
Antonio Fernando Rosado ◽  
Stephen D. Ross ◽  
João Maroco
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Sport Sponsorship ◽  
Behavioral Loyalty ◽  
Attitudinal Loyalty ◽  
Team Loyalty ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Relationship

Sponsorship studies have generally been focused on attitudinal measures of fan loyalty to understand the reactions to abstract sponsors. This study examines the relationships between both attitudinal and behavioral loyalty with sponsorship awareness, attitude toward two actual sponsors, and purchase intentions. Data were collected among fans of a professional soccer team, and the results of a structural equation model provide evidence that attitudinal loyalty impacts the attitude toward both sponsors and purchase intentions. Behavioral loyalty influences sponsorship awareness, and impacts differently the attitude and purchase intentions toward each sponsor. Sponsorship awareness influences significantly the attitude toward both sponsors, while the attitude toward the sponsor was the strongest predictor of purchase intentions. These findings highlight the importance of examining actual sponsors and suggest managerial implications, such as the need for sponsors to help attract fans to the stadium and to design additional activation strategies to improve sponsorship value.

scholarly journals Fan Loyalty Toward International Football Team: The Role of Brand Image

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 58-72
Author(s):  
Dwi Irianto ◽  
Dwi Kartikasari
Keyword(s):  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Brand Image ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Behavioral Loyalty ◽  
Attitudinal Loyalty ◽  
International Team ◽  
Football Team ◽  
The Relationship

The study of fan loyalty in sports marketing mostly is focused on spectator attachment and brand athlete. However, lack of studies examines the fan loyalty formulation toward the international team using brand image. This study aims to examine the influence of two brand image dimensions (attributes and benefits) in creating fan loyalty toward the international team. This study applies the covariance-based structural equation model for analyzing the data. The sample consists of 335 international team football fans in Indonesia. These results reveal that both attributes and benefits are pivotal factors in influencing attitudinal loyalty as well as behavioral loyalty. Further, the result shows that the effect of attributes on attitudinal loyalty is higher compared to behavioural loyalty. These findings extend the existing knowledge on the relationship between brand image and customer loyalty in a sports context and provide useful implications for practitioners to retain their fan loyalty.

Brand Love and Brand Hate: Integrating Emotions into Brand-Related Experiences and Loyalty

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150007
Author(s):  
Harpuneet Singh Kohli ◽  
Sujata Khandai ◽  
Renu Yadav ◽  
Sonia Kataria
Keyword(s):  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Brand Experience ◽  
Brand Love ◽  
Behavioral Loyalty ◽  
Attitudinal Loyalty ◽  
Fashion Apparel ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Brand Hate

Branding has always garnered substantial interest among marketers for many years. Brand love and brand hate are two aspects of branding that are drawing a great deal of attention today. Yet, there remains a gap in measuring the effect of brand love and brand hate on the relationship between brand experience and brand loyalty for the fashion apparel sector in India. Data was collected from 250 participants using both online and offline channels. Results imputed from the structural equation modeling show that brand experience is directly related to brand loyalty. In addition, brand love mediates the relationship between brand experience and attitudinal loyalty and for brand hate, ideological incompatibility and symbolic incongruity mediate the relationship between brand experience and attitudinal loyalty, as well as, behavioral loyalty.

Managerial Antecedents and Individual Consequences of Group Cohesiveness in Travel Service Selling

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Bartkus ◽  
Roy D. Howell ◽  
C. R. Michael Parent ◽  
Cathy L. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Role Stress ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Group Cohesiveness ◽  
Travel Agents ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
The Relationship

A latent variable structural equation model describing the relationship between managerial actions, group cohesiveness, and selected job-related outcomes was developed and tested using a sample of travel agents. The results of the analysis indicated that cohesiveness influences a variety of salient outcomes, including organizational commitment, job satisfaction, motivation, and role stress. Consistent with some prior research, the relationship between cohesiveness and selling performance was not significant. The results also showed that management actions in the form of task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership directly influence cohesiveness. Managerial implications are discussed.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Brand Club Personalities, Trust and Brand Loyalty in Fans of Persepolis FC

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Hamid Roudbari ◽  
Alireza Elahi ◽  
Hossein Akbari Yazdi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Brand Personality ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Brand Trust ◽  
Behavioral Loyalty ◽  
Attitudinal Loyalty ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Statistical Sample ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Fan loyalty is imperative for sports clubs. In fact, fans have more trust in their favorite team will remain loyal to the team. Team managers and sports clubs must win the trust of their fans. Club brand personality is one of the variables that can be used to enhance the trust of the fans. Due to this issue, in this study, the relationship between club brand personality, trust and loyalty of fans have been investigated. The population of this research consists of Persepolis FC fans and 384 persons were evaluated as the statistical sample. To collect the data, the brand personality questionnaire by Tsiotso (2012), the modified questionnaire by Chowdhury and Holbrook (2001), the attitudinal loyalty questionnaire by Gladden and Funk (2003) and the behavioral loyalty questionnaire by Fink et al. (2001) were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics (regression coefficient and Structural Equation Modeling) were used for statistical analysis. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that club brand personality influences on brand trust and it influences behavioral and attitudinal loyalty of the fans. The managers of Persepolis FC can use a brand trust to increase the loyalty of their fans and implement brand personality to gain their trust.</p>

No More “Good” Intentions: Purchase Behaviors in Sponsorship

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noni Zaharia ◽  
Rui Biscaia ◽  
Dianna Gray ◽  
David Stotlar
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Web Surveys ◽  
Sport Sponsorship ◽  
Sponsorship Effectiveness ◽  
Soccer Fans ◽  
Purchase Behaviors ◽  
The Impact

The growth of sport sponsorship has led to an increase in the number of studies measuring sponsorship outcomes in different sport settings. Most studies, however, have focused on understanding the factors leading to purchase intentions. A more accurate assessment of sponsorship effectiveness would come through measuring actual purchase behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine a sport sponsorship model that included awareness, fit, attitude toward the sponsor, past purchases, purchase intentions, and actual purchases. Data were collected via longitudinal web surveys conducted with soccer fans from the United States. The results of a structural equation model provided evidence that the relationships among the analyzed sponsorship outcomes did not have a significant effect on actual purchase behaviors. The discussion includes questions about the impact of sponsorship variables such as awareness, fit, attitude toward the sponsor, purchase intentions, and past purchases on actual purchase behaviors.

scholarly journals The Effect of Consumer-Based Brand Equity and Satisfaction on Loyalty: An Empirical Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-291
Author(s):  
Muhammad Andreaginola Pratama ◽  
Rizki Pratama Saleh Siregar ◽  
Sabrina Oktaria Sihombing
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Brand Equity ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Coffee Shop ◽  
Foreign Brand ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: Economic growth in Indonesia encourages the growth of many industries. Specifically, the food and beverage industry has grown significantly in Indonesian economics.  Coffee shops with foreign or local brands are growing and competing for having customer loyalty. Many research has been conducted to examine customer loyalty in a particular coffee shop. However, little research has been focused on comparing both local and foreign brand names of the coffee shop. The comparative study is needed to understand whether foreign or local brand names matter in predicting both customer satisfaction and loyalty. This research uses a quantitative paradigm using descriptive research type. The object of research is Starbucks (foreign brand) and Djournal Coffee  (local brand). Data were collected through questionnaires distributed by applying judgemental sampling. Data analysis was conducted by using structural equation model (SEM). In this study, there are two unsupported hypotheses namely (1)  the relationship between the ideal self-congruence and customer satisfaction, and (2) the relationship between brand identification and customer satisfaction. The study also provides theoretical contributions, managerial implications and suggestions for further research. Keywords: brand equity, customer satisfaction, brand loyalty, SEMPengaruh Ekuitas Merek Berbasis Konsumen dan Kepuasan terhadap Loyalitas: Sebuah Studi Empiris Abstrak: Pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia mendorong pertumbuhan banyak industri. Secara khusus, industri makanan dan minuman telah tumbuh secara signifikan dalam ekonomi Indonesia. Kedai kopi dengan merek asing atau lokal tumbuh dan bersaing untuk memiliki loyalitas pelanggan. Banyak penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menguji loyalitas pelanggan di coffee shop tertentu. Namun, sedikit penelitian yang difokuskan untuk membandingkan nama merek lokal dan asing dari coffee shop. Studi perbandingan diperlukan untuk memahami apakah nama merek asing atau lokal penting dalam memprediksi kepuasan dan loyalitas pelanggan. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma kuantitatif dengan menggunakan tipe penelitian deskriptif. Objek penelitian adalah Starbucks (merek asing) dan Djournal Coffee (merek lokal). Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner yang didistribusikan dengan menggunakan judgemental sampling. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan pemodelan persamaan struktural (SEM). Dalam penelitian ini ada dua hipotesis yang tidak didukung yaitu (1) hubungan antara kongruensi diri yang ideal dan kepuasan pelanggan dan (2) hubungan antara identifikasi merek dan kepuasan pelanggan. Studi ini juga memberikan kontribusi teoritis, implikasi manajerial dan saran untuk penelitian lebih lanjut. Kata kunci: ekuitas merek, kepuasan konsumen, loyalitas merek, SEM

scholarly journals The relationship between brand associations and fan behaviours for football teams

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
Ersin Eskiler ◽  
Remzi Altunisik ◽  
Nilgun Sarikaya
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Brand Associations ◽  
Brand Relationships ◽  
Behavioral Loyalty ◽  
Attitudinal Loyalty ◽  
Fan Behavior ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
Team Brand

The intense competition in the sports sector has caused changes in the sports marketing perception of team management. Club managements aim to develop brand relationships, strengthen fan loyalty and manage fan behaviors to establish an emotional bond between club brands and fans for gaining competitive advantage. In this context, the current study aimed to assess the relationships between brand relationships, fan loyalty, and fan behavior in football teams. The survey sample is 503 (293 male, 210 female) respondents. Data were collected from Besiktas Gymnastics Club, Fenerbahce Sports Club, and Galatasaray Sports Club team supporters by face-to-face survey method. The structural equation model was used in the research hypothesis testing. The findings identified no statistically significant effect of the attributes and benefits, defined as team brand associations facets, on fan behaviors. Brand associations had a significant influence on the attitudinal and behavioral loyalty of supporters. Besides, behavioral loyalty was an important determinant of fan behaviors. The results indicated that approximately 68% of the variance of attitudinal loyalty could be explained by the attributes and benefits of brand associations’ facets (R2=.677). Furthermore, facets of the brand associations accounted for approximately 66% of behavioral loyalty variance (R2=.659). Both brand associations (attributes and benefits) and fan loyalty (attitudinal and behavior loyalty) facets explained approximately 32% of the variance in fan behavior (R2=.317). Consequently, it is important to create strong and competitive brand associations in football teams, independent of sporting achievement, create positive fan behaviors, and support these behaviors. The research results could be useful for sports managers/marketers and theorists to explain and interpret fan behaviors.

Not just intentions: predicting actual purchase behavior in sport sponsorship context

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Koronios ◽  
Lazaros Ntasis ◽  
Panagiotis Dimitropoulos ◽  
Vanessa Ratten
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Consumer Attitude ◽  
Sport Sponsorship ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe scope of this study was to underline the specific aspects of positive consumer attitude and behavior related to sports sponsorship. In more detail, the purpose of this study was to establish a comprehensive sponsorship framework integrating Beliefs about sponsorship, Sponsor's Image, Fans' Attachment with the team, Team's Performance, Fans' Sport Involvement, Sponsors' Sincerity, Awareness of Sponsors, Attitude toward Sponsors, Purchase intentions and Actual Purchases.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative method was utilized and a sum of 2,752 questionnaires were effectively assembled and analyzed by means of SPSS and AMOS. The results of a structural equation model provide an exceptional conceptual framework that underlines the significance of comprehending the role of important factors in sponsorship efficiency.FindingsThis paper provides the context for a discussion. It shows that various antecedents have a significant effect on real – instead of just intentions – purchase behavior regarding sponsors' products and services.Research limitations/implicationsVarious implications for future researches as well as strategies to boost the advantages for both sport clubs and sponsoring firms can be drawn from the suggested model.Originality/valueUp to present, only a handful of empirical studies have looked at the effect of sponsorship on the consumer. The majority of sponsorship studies measure the impact of the sponsorship effort on the recall and recognition of sponsors, with empirical results being inconclusive, with some studies showing high levels of recall and recognition while others show only marginal impact on recall and recognition. The present research provides a comprehensive framework, which can guide future studies by isolating the effect of sponsorship on actual purchase behavior, instead of just estimating individuals' purchase intentions.

scholarly journals Toward Sustainable Overseas Mobility of Vietnamese Students: Understanding Determinants of Attitudinal and Behavioral Loyalty in Students of Higher Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Lai ◽  
Hiep-Hung Pham ◽  
Hong-Kong Nguyen ◽  
The-Cuong Nguyen ◽  
Anh-Vinh Le
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
International Students ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Student Mobility ◽  
Factor Loading ◽  
Switching Cost ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Behavioral Loyalty ◽  
Attitudinal Loyalty

Research on internationalization in higher education has not shed enough light on how cross-border student mobility might contribute to the issue of sustainability. Given that a sustainable movement of loyal international students could help sustain the financial income, ranking, and prospective human resources of the host universities and countries, this study aims to investigate the mechanisms that lead to such loyalty. Specifically, this study adds to the literature by examining how switching cost interacts with disconfirmation and satisfaction in generating attitudinal and behavioral loyalty among international students. The study, surveying 410 Vietnamese students who are studying at either at the undergraduate or graduate level in 15 countries across the globe, first adopts confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using software SAS 9.3 to evaluate if multiple fit indices, the standardized factor loading, and the average variance extracted scores are satisfactory. It then employs the Structural Equation Model (SEM) to test five hypotheses concerning the interaction between disconfirmation and satisfaction as well as among satisfaction, switching cost and behavioral/attitudinal loyalty. The results find that disconfirmation has both direct and indirect impact, while satisfaction only has a direct impact on attitudinal loyalty. Meanwhile, switching cost is found to have a direct impact on behavioral loyalty, but not on attitudinal loyalty. Based on these findings, the study proposes some theoretical and managerial implications for sustainability in general and sustainability of higher education in particular as well as direction for future studies.

A Link Between Attitudinal and Behavioral Loyalty of Service Customers

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-215
Author(s):  
Shivani Saini ◽  
Jagwinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Behavioral Loyalty ◽  
Attitudinal Loyalty ◽  
Health Clinics ◽  
The Relationship

Past research works in the area of customer loyalty are insufficient to provide clear understanding of linkage in attitudinal and behavioral loyalty. In order to explain this linkage, present research tests the relationship between two forms of customer loyalty: attitudinal and behavioral. The study employs survey methodology to collect the responses from 600 customers of health clinics, fitness centers, beauty salons, and convenience stores. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire with a series of statements based on a 7-point Likert scale. To examine the bilateral relationships, a non-recursive model was implemented using structural equation modeling in Amos 17.0 designed for data analytics. The results reveal that attitudinal loyalty drives behavioral loyalty, while behavioral to attitudinal loyalty has been insupportable across the sample collected from diverse service categories. The study provides insights about the design of marketing strategies in targeting customers’ attitudinal loyalty, so that positive behavioral responses can be obtained to sustain the growth and profitability. This research adds value to the growing body of literature on customer loyalty by identifying the relationships between two broad dimensions: attitudinal and behavioral. The study empirically substantiates that an attitude–behavior relationship is significant to achieve true customer loyalty.

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