scholarly journals Peroxisome function relies on organelle-associated mRNA translation

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noa Dahan ◽  
Yury S. Bykov ◽  
Elizabeth A. Boydston ◽  
Amir Fadel ◽  
Zohar Gazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Peroxisomal Membrane

Localized translation of peroxisomal membrane proteins is crucial for cellular functions.

scholarly journals Interactions of the Streptococcus pneumoniae Toxin-Antitoxin RelBE Proteins with Their Target DNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 851
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Moreno-Córdoba ◽  
Wai-Ting Chan ◽  
Concha Nieto ◽  
Manuel Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Dna Supercoiling ◽  
Bacterial Toxin ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Dna Backbone ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Palindromic Sequences

Type II bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are found in most bacteria, archaea, and mobile genetic elements. TAs are usually found as a bi-cistronic operon composed of an unstable antitoxin and a stable toxin that targets crucial cellular functions like DNA supercoiling, cell-wall synthesis or mRNA translation. The type II RelBE system encoded by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is highly conserved among different strains and participates in biofilm formation and response to oxidative stress. Here, we have analyzed the participation of the RelB antitoxin and the RelB:RelE protein complex in the self-regulation of the pneumococcal relBE operon. RelB acted as a weak repressor, whereas RelE performed the role of a co-repressor. By DNA footprinting experiments, we show that the proteins bind to a region that encompasses two palindromic sequences that are located around the −10 sequences of the single promoter that directs the synthesis of the relBE mRNA. High-resolution footprinting assays showed the distribution of bases whose deoxyriboses are protected by the bound proteins, demonstrating that RelB and RelB:RelE contacted the DNA backbone on one face of the DNA helix and that these interactions extended beyond the palindromic sequences. Our findings suggest that the binding of the RelBE proteins to its DNA target would lead to direct inhibition of the binding of the host RNA polymerase to the relBE promoter.

scholarly journals Towards the molecular mechanism of the integration of peroxisomal membrane proteins

2016 ◽  
Vol 1863 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evdokia-Anastasia Giannopoulou ◽  
Leonidas Emmanouilidis ◽  
Michael Sattler ◽  
Gabriele Dodt ◽  
Matthias Wilmanns
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Peroxisomal Membrane

scholarly journals Tumor-Progressive Mechanisms Mediating miRNA–Protein Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12303
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Konishi ◽  
Hiroki Sato ◽  
Kenji Takahashi ◽  
Mikihiro Fujiya
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Cancer Prognosis ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
Extracellular Mirnas ◽  
Development And Differentiation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded short-chain RNAs that are endogenously expressed in vertebrates; they are considered the fine-tuners of cellular protein expression that act by modifying mRNA translation. miRNAs control tissue development and differentiation, cell growth, and apoptosis in cancer and non-cancer cells. Aberrant regulation of miRNAs is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer. Numerous investigations have shown that the changes in cellular miRNA expression in cancerous tissues and extracellular miRNAs enclosed in exosomes are correlated with cancer prognosis. Therefore, miRNAs can be used as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer in clinical applications. In the previous decade, miRNAs have been shown to regulate cellular functions by directly binding to proteins and mRNAs, thereby controlling cancer progression. This regulatory system implies that cancer-associated miRNAs can be applied as molecular-targeted therapy. This review discusses the roles of miRNA–protein systems in cancer progression and its future applications in cancer treatment.

Peroxisomal membrane proteins are properly targeted to peroxisomes in the absence of COPI- and COPII-mediated vesicular transport

2001 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 2199-2204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tineke Voorn-Brouwer ◽  
Astrid Kragt ◽  
Henk F. Tabak ◽  
Ben Distel
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Vesicle Transport ◽  
Peroxisome Biogenesis ◽  
Peroxisomal Membrane ◽  
Classic Model ◽  
Early Secretory Pathway

The classic model for peroxisome biogenesis states that new peroxisomes arise by the fission of pre-existing ones and that peroxisomal matrix and membrane proteins are recruited directly from the cytosol. Recent studies challenge this model and suggest that some peroxisomal membrane proteins might traffic via the endoplasmic reticulum to peroxisomes. We have studied the trafficking in human fibroblasts of three peroxisomal membrane proteins, Pex2p, Pex3p and Pex16p, all of which have been suggested to transit the endoplasmic reticulum before arriving in peroxisomes. Here, we show that targeting of these peroxisomal membrane proteins is not affected by inhibitors of COPI and COPII that block vesicle transport in the early secretory pathway. Moreover, we have obtained no evidence for the presence of these peroxisomal membrane proteins in compartments other than peroxisomes and demonstrate that COPI and COPII inhibitors do not affect peroxisome morphology or integrity. Together, these data fail to provide any evidence for a role of the endoplasmic reticulum in peroxisome biogenesis.

A Solid-State NMR Approach to Structure Determination of Membrane-Associated Peptides and Proteins

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Opella ◽  
L.E. Chirlian
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Structural Biology ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Globular Proteins ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Form And Function

Structural biology relies on detailed descriptions of the three-dimensional structures of peptides, proteins, and other biopolymers to explain the form and function of biological systems ranging in complexity from individual molecules to entire organisms. NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, in combination with several types of calculations, provide the required structural information. In recent years, the structures of several hundred proteins have been determined by one or both of these experimental methods. However, since the protein molecules must either reorient rapidly in samples for multidimensional solution NMR spectroscopy or form high quality single crystals in samples for X-ray crystallography, nearly all of the structures determined up to now have been of the soluble, globular proteins that are found in the cytoplasm and periplasmof cells and fortuitously have these favorable properties. Since only a minority of biological properties are expressed by globular proteins, and proteins, in general, have evolved in order to express specific functions rather than act as samples for experimental studies, there are other classes of proteins whose structures are currently unknown but are of keen interest in structural biology. More than half of all proteins appear to be associated with membranes, and many cellular functions are expressed by proteins in other types of supramolecular complexes with nucleic acids, carbohydrates, or other proteins. The interest in the structures of membrane proteins, structural proteins, and proteins in complexes provides many opportunities for the further development and application of NMR spectroscopy. Our understanding of polypeptides associated with lipids in membranes, in particular, is primitive, especially compared to that for globular proteins. This is largely a consequence of the experimental difficulties encountered in their study by conventional NMR and X-ray approaches. Fortunately, the principal features of two major classes of membrane proteins have been identified from studies of several tractable examples. Bacteriorhodopsin (Henderson et al., 1990), the subunits of the photosynthetic reaction center (Deisenhofer et al., 1985), and filamentous bacteriophage coat proteins (Shon et al., 1991; McDonnell et al., 1993) have all been shown to have long transmembrane hydrophobic helices, shorter amphipathic bridging helices in the plane of the bilayers, both structured and mobile loops connecting the helices, and mobile N- and C-terminal regions.

Regulation of the water channel aquaporin-2 by posttranslational modification

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (5) ◽  
pp. F1062-F1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne B. Moeller ◽  
Emma T. B. Olesen ◽  
Robert A. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Posttranslational Modification ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Aquaporin 2 ◽  
Eukaryotic Membrane Proteins ◽  
Insight Into

The cellular functions of many eukaryotic membrane proteins, including the vasopressin-regulated water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2), are regulated by posttranslational modifications. In this article, we discuss the experimental discoveries that have advanced our understanding of how posttranslational modifications affect AQP2 function, especially as they relate to the role of AQP2 in the kidney. We review the most recent data demonstrating that glycosylation and, in particular, phosphorylation and ubiquitination are mechanisms that regulate AQP2 activity, subcellular sorting and distribution, degradation, and protein interactions. From a clinical perspective, posttranslational modification resulting in protein misrouting or degradation may explain certain forms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In addition to providing major insight into the function and dynamics of renal AQP2 regulation, the analysis of AQP2 posttranslational modification may provide general clues as to the role of posttranslational modification for regulation of other membrane proteins.

scholarly journals The Peroxin Pex19p Interacts with Multiple, Integral Membrane Proteins at the Peroxisomal Membrane

2000 ◽  
Vol 149 (6) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Snyder ◽  
Antonius Koller ◽  
A. Jobu Choy ◽  
Suresh Subramani
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Multiple Integral ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Peroxisome Biogenesis ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Peroxisomal Membrane ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Peroxisome Membrane ◽  
Two Hybrid ◽  
New Protein

Pex19p is a protein required for the early stages of peroxisome biogenesis, but its precise function and site of action are unknown. We tested the interaction between Pex19p and all known Pichia pastoris Pex proteins by the yeast two-hybrid assay. Pex19p interacted with six of seven known integral peroxisomal membrane proteins (iPMPs), and these interactions were confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. The interactions were not reduced upon inhibition of new protein synthesis, suggesting that they occur with preexisting, and not newly synthesized, pools of iPMPs. By mapping the domains in six iPMPs that interact with Pex19p and the iPMP sequences responsible for targeting to the peroxisome membrane (mPTSs), we found the majority of these sites do not overlap. Coimmunoprecipitation of Pex19p from fractions that contain peroxisomes or cytosol revealed that the interactions between predominantly cytosolic Pex19p and the iPMPs occur in the organelle pellet that contains peroxisomes. These data, taken together, suggest that Pex19p may have a chaperone-like role at the peroxisome membrane and that it is not the receptor for targeting of iPMPs to the peroxisome.

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