Mechanics of Epithelial Tissue Homeostasis and Morphogenesis

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 340 (6137) ◽  
pp. 1185-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlène Guillot ◽  
Thomas Lecuit
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Fluid Behavior ◽  
Functional Tissue ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Mechanical Basis ◽  
Tight Association

Epithelia are robust tissues that support the structure of embryos and organs and serve as effective barriers against pathogens. Epithelia also chemically separate different physiological environments. These vital functions require tight association between cells through the assembly of junctions that mechanically stabilize the tissue. Remarkably, epithelia are also dynamic and can display a fluid behavior. Cells continuously die or divide, thereby allowing functional tissue homeostasis. Epithelial cells can change shape or intercalate as tissues deform during morphogenesis. We review the mechanical basis of tissue robustness and fluidity, with an emphasis on the pivotal role of junction dynamics. Tissue fluidity emerges from local active stresses acting at cell interfaces and allows the maintenance of epithelial organization during morphogenesis and tissue renewal.

Pivotal Role of the Genital Epithelial Cells in HIV-1 Transmission

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-489
Author(s):  
Amelie Saint Jean ◽  
Thomas Bourlet ◽  
Olivier Delezay
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Interaction between FIP5 and SNX18 regulates epithelial lumen formation

2011 ◽  
Vol 195 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly Willenborg ◽  
Jian Jing ◽  
Christine Wu ◽  
Hugo Matern ◽  
Jerome Schaack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Apical Plasma Membrane ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Lumen Formation ◽  
Sorting Nexin ◽  
Polarized Transport ◽  
Endocytic Compartments

During the morphogenesis of the epithelial lumen, apical proteins are thought to be transported via endocytic compartments to the site of the forming lumen, although the machinery mediating this transport remains to be elucidated. Rab11 GTPase and its binding protein, FIP5, are important regulators of polarized endocytic transport. In this study, we identify sorting nexin 18 as a novel FIP5-interacting protein and characterize the role of FIP5 and SNX18 in epithelial lumen morphogenesis. We show that FIP5 mediates the transport of apical proteins from apical endosomes to the apical plasma membrane and, along with SNX18, is required for the early stages of apical lumen formation. Furthermore, both proteins bind lipids, and FIP5 promotes the capacity of SNX18 to tubulate membranes, which implies a role for FIP5 and SNX18 in endocytic carrier formation and/or scission. In summary, the present findings support the hypothesis that this FIP5-SNX18 complex plays a pivotal role in the polarized transport of apical proteins during apical lumen initiation in epithelial cells.

scholarly journals Interplay Between Microbiota, Toll-Like Receptors and Cytokines for the Maintenance of Epithelial Barrier Integrity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iaroslav Semin ◽  
Justus Ninnemann ◽  
Marina Bondareva ◽  
Ilia Gimaev ◽  
Andrey A. Kruglov
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Tissue Integrity ◽  
Healthy State

The intestinal tract is densely populated by microbiota consisting of various commensal microorganisms that are instrumental for the healthy state of the living organism. Such commensals generate various molecules that can be recognized by the Toll-like receptors of the immune system leading to the inflammation marked by strong upregulation of various proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β. To prevent excessive inflammation, a single layer of constantly renewing, highly proliferating epithelial cells (IEC) provides proper segregation of such microorganisms from the body cavities. There are various triggers which facilitate the disturbance of the epithelial barrier which often leads to inflammation. However, the nature and duration of the stress may determine the state of the epithelial cells and their responses to cytokines. Here we discuss the role of the microbiota-TLR-cytokine axis in the maintenance of the epithelial tissue integrity. In particular, we highlight discrepancies in the function of TLR and cytokines in IEC barrier during acute or chronic inflammation and we suggest that intervention strategies should be applied based on the type of inflammation.

scholarly journals Immune Homeostasis in Epithelial Cells: Evidence and Role of Inflammasome Signaling Reviewed

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Peeters ◽  
Emiel F. Wouters ◽  
Niki L. Reynaert
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Immune Homeostasis ◽  
Downstream Effectors ◽  
Epithelial Barriers ◽  
Microbial Environment

The epithelium regulates the interaction between the noxious xenogenous, as well as the microbial environment and the immune system, not only by providing a barrier but also by expressing a number of immunoregulatory membrane receptors, and intracellular danger sensors and their downstream effectors. Amongst these are a number of inflammasome sensor subtypes, which have been initially characterized in myeloid cells and described to be activated upon assembly into multiprotein complexes by microbial and environmental triggers. This review compiles a vast amount of literature that supports a pivotal role for inflammasomes in the various epithelial barriers of the human body as essential factors maintaining immune signaling and homeostasis.

scholarly journals Pivotal role of c-Fos in nitric oxide synthase 2 expression in airway epithelial cells

Nitric Oxide ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Chambellan ◽  
Rachel Leahy ◽  
Weiling Xu ◽  
Paul J. Cruickshank ◽  
Allison Janocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Airway Epithelial Cells ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 ◽  
Oxide Synthase

Effect of Calcium on the Growth and Differentiation of Cultured Rat Esophageal Epithelial Cells

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
W.T. Gunning ◽  
M.R. Marino ◽  
M.S. Babcock ◽  
G.D. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Replication Rate ◽  
Enzymatic Dissociation ◽  
Growth Assay ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Fetal Bovine ◽  
Esophageal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cellular Replication

The role of calcium in modulating cellular replication and differentiation has been described for various cell types. In the present study, the effects of Ca++ on the growth and differentiation of cultured rat esophageal epithelial cells was investigated.Epithelial cells were isolated from esophagi taken from 8 week-old male CDF rats by the enzymatic dissociation method of Kaighn. The cells were cultured in PFMR-4 medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/ml dialyzed fetal bovine serum, 5 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 10-6 M hydrocortisone 10-6 M phosphoethanolamine, 10-6 M ethanolamine, 5 pg/ml insulin, 5 ng/ml transferrin, 10 ng/ml cholera toxin and 50 ng/ml garamycin at 36.5°C in a humidified atmosphere of 3% CO2 in air. At weekly intervals, the cells were subcultured with a solution containing 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.01% EGTA, and 0.05% trypsin. After various passages, the replication rate of the cells in PFMR-4 medium containing from 10-6 M to 10-3 M Ca++ was determined using a clonal growth assay.

Role of Bronchial Epithelial Cells in Pathogenesis of COPD

Pneumologie ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Rim ◽  
S Jahan ◽  
G John ◽  
K Kohse ◽  
A Bohla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial
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