Marine Macrophytes as a Global Carbon Sink

Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 211 (4484) ◽  
pp. 838-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Marine Macrophytes ◽  
Global Carbon

scholarly journals Amazonian Fire Events Disturbed the Global Carbon Cycle: A Study from 2019 Amazon Wildfire Using Google Earth Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Subhajit Bandopadhyay ◽  
Dany A. Cotrina Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Google Earth Engine ◽  
Global Carbon

An unprecedented number of wildfire events during 2019 throughout the Brazilian Amazon caught global attention, due to their massive extent and the associated loss in the Amazonian forest—an ecosystem on which the whole world depends. Such devastating wildfires in the Amazon has strongly hampered the global carbon cycle and significantly reduced forest productivity. In this study, we have quantified such loss of forest productivity in terms of gross primary productivity (GPP), applying a comparative approach using Google Earth Engine. A total of 12 wildfire spots have been identified based on the fire’s extension over the Brazilian Amazon, and we quantified the loss in productivity between 2018 and 2019. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) GPP and MODIS burned area satellite imageries, with a revisit time of 8 days and 30 days, respectively, have been used for this study. We have observed that compared to 2018, the number of wildfire events increased during 2019. But such wildfire events did not hamper the natural annual trend of GPP of the Amazonian ecosystem. However, a significant drop in forest productivity in terms of GPP has been observed. Among all 11 observational sites were recorded with GPP loss, ranging from −18.88 gC m−2 yr−1 to −120.11 gC m−2 yr−1, except site number 3. Such drastic loss in GPP indicates that during 2019 fire events, all of these sites acted as carbon sources rather than carbon sink sites, which may hamper the global carbon cycle and terrestrial CO2 fluxes. Therefore, it is assumed that these findings will also fit for the other Amazonian wildfire sites, as well as for the tropical forest ecosystem as a whole. We hope this study will provide a significant contribution to global carbon cycle research, terrestrial ecosystem studies, sustainable forest management, and climate change in contemporary environmental sciences.

Humus – Guardian of Fertility and Global Carbon Sink

2011 ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igori Arcadie Krupenikov ◽  
Boris P. Boincean ◽  
David Dent
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Global Carbon

scholarly journals Comment on "Carbon farming in hot, dry coastal areas: an option for climate change mitigation" by Becker et al. (2013)

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 869-873
Author(s):  
M. Heimann
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Sink ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Becker et al. (2013) argue that an afforestation of 0.73 109 ha with Jatropha curcas plants would generate an additional terrestrial carbon sink of 4.3 PgC yr−1, enough to stabilise the atmospheric mixing ratio of carbon dioxide (CO2) at current levels. However, this is not consistent with the dynamics of the global carbon cycle. Using a well established global carbon cycle model, the effect of adding such a hypothetical sink leads to a reduction of atmospheric CO2 levels in the year 2030 by 25 ppm compared to a reference scenario. However, the stabilisation of the atmospheric CO2 concentration requires a much larger additional sink or corresponding reduction of anthropogenic emissions.

scholarly journals A global carbon assimilation system based on a dual optimization method

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1131-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zheng ◽  
Y. Li ◽  
J. M. Chen ◽  
T. Wang ◽  
Q. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Flux ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Assimilation System

Abstract. Ecological models are effective tools for simulating the distribution of global carbon sources and sinks. However, these models often suffer from substantial biases due to inaccurate simulations of complex ecological processes. We introduce a set of scaling factors (parameters) to an ecological model on the basis of plant functional type (PFT) and latitudes. A global carbon assimilation system (GCAS-DOM) is developed by employing a dual optimization method (DOM) to invert the time-dependent ecological model parameter state and the net carbon flux state simultaneously. We use GCAS-DOM to estimate the global distribution of the CO2 flux on 1° × 1° grid cells for the period from 2001 to 2007. Results show that land and ocean absorb −3.63 ± 0.50 and −1.82 ± 0.16 Pg C yr−1, respectively. North America, Europe and China contribute −0.98 ± 0.15, −0.42 ± 0.08 and −0.20 ± 0.29 Pg C yr−1, respectively. The uncertainties in the flux after optimization by GCAS-DOM have been remarkably reduced by more than 60%. Through parameter optimization, GCAS-DOM can provide improved estimates of the carbon flux for each PFT. Coniferous forest (−0.97 ± 0.27 Pg C yr−1) is the largest contributor to the global carbon sink. Fluxes of once-dominant deciduous forest generated by the Boreal Ecosystems Productivity Simulator (BEPS) are reduced to −0.78 ± 0.23 Pg C yr−1, the third largest carbon sink.

scholarly journals Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: Isotopic constraints

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Kennedy ◽  
Jeff Beggins ◽  
Carlos M. Duarte ◽  
James W. Fourqurean ◽  
Marianne Holmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Isotopic Constraints

scholarly journals Vegetation distribution and terrestrial carbon cycle in a carbon-cycle configuration of JULES4.6 with new plant functional types

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna B. Harper ◽  
Andrew J. Wiltshire ◽  
Peter M. Cox ◽  
Pierre Friedlingstein ◽  
Chris D. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Vegetation Distribution ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle ◽  
Vegetation Carbon ◽  
Global Vegetation ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are used for studying historical and future changes to vegetation and the terrestrial carbon cycle. JULES (the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) represents the land surface in the Hadley Centre climate models and in the UK Earth System Model. Recently the number of plant functional types (PFTs) in JULES were expanded from 5 to 9 to better represent functional diversity in global ecosystems. Here we introduce a more mechanistic representation of vegetation dynamics in TRIFFID, the dynamic vegetation component of JULES, that allows for any number of PFTs to compete based solely on their height, removing the previous hardwired dominance hierarchy where dominant types are assumed to outcompete subdominant types. With the new set of 9 PFTs, JULES is able to more accurately reproduce global vegetation distribution compared to the former 5 PFT version. Improvements include the coverage of trees within tropical and boreal forests, and a reduction in shrubs, which dominated at high latitudes. We show that JULES is able to realistically represent several aspects of the global carbon cycle. The simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) is within the range of observations, but simulated net primary productivity (NPP) is slightly too high. GPP in JULES from 1982–2011 was 133 PgC yr−1, compared to observation-based estimates between 123±8 (over the same time period) and 150–175 PgC yr−1. NPP from 2000–2013 was 72 PgC yr−1, compared to satellite-derived NPP of 55 PgC yr−1 over the same period and independent estimates of 56.2±14.3 PgC yr−1. The simulated carbon stored in vegetation is 542 PgC, compared to an observation-based range of 400–600 PgC. Soil carbon is much lower (1422 PgC) than estimates from measurements (>2400 PgC), with large underestimations of soil carbon in the tropical and boreal forests. We also examined some aspects of the historical terrestrial carbon sink as simulated by JULES. Between the 1900s and 2000s, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels enhanced vegetation productivity and litter inputs into the soils, while land-use change removed vegetation and reduced soil carbon. The result was a simulated increase in soil carbon of 57 PgC but a decrease in vegetation carbon by of PgC. JULES simulated a loss of soil and vegetation carbon of 14 and 124 PgC, respectively, due to land-use change from 1900–2009. The simulated land carbon sink was 2.0±1.0 PgC yr−1 from 2000–2009, in close agreement to estimates from the IPCC and Global Carbon Project.

scholarly journals Historical CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from land-use and land-cover change and their uncertainty

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Gasser ◽  
Léa Crepin ◽  
Yann Quilcaille ◽  
Richard A. Houghton ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Dynamic Global Vegetation Models ◽  
Vegetation Models ◽  
Global Vegetation ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. Emissions from land-use and land-cover change are a key component of the global carbon cycle. Models are required to disentangle these emissions and the land carbon sink, however, because only the sum of both can be physically observed. Their assessment within the yearly community-wide effort known as the Global Carbon Budget remains a major difficulty, because it combines two lines of evidence that are inherently inconsistent: bookkeeping models and dynamic global vegetation models. Here, we propose a unifying approach relying on a bookkeeping model that embeds processes and parameters calibrated on dynamic global vegetation models, and the use of an empirical constraint. We estimate global CO2 emissions from land-use and land-cover change were 1.36 ± 0.42 Pg C yr−1 (1-σ range) on average over 2009–2018, and 206 ± 57 Pg C cumulated over 1750–2018. We also estimate that land-cover change induced a global loss of additional sink capacity – that is, a foregone carbon removal, not part of the emissions – of 0.68 ± 0.57 Pg C yr−1 and 32 ± 23 Pg C over the same periods, respectively. Additionally, we provide a breakdown of our results' uncertainty following aspects that include the land-use and land-cover change data sets used as input, and the model's biogeochemical parameters. We find the biogeochemical uncertainty dominates our global and regional estimates, with the exception of tropical regions in which the input data dominates. Our analysis further identifies key sources of uncertainty, and suggests ways to strengthen the robustness of future Global Carbon Budgets.

scholarly journals Fire and vegetation dynamics in northwest Siberia during the last 60 years based on high-resolution remote sensing

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-228
Author(s):  
Oleg Sizov ◽  
Ekaterina Ezhova ◽  
Petr Tsymbarovich ◽  
Andrey Soromotin ◽  
Nikolay Prihod'ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Global Carbon

Abstract. The rapidly warming Arctic undergoes transitions that can influence global carbon balance. One of the key processes is the shift towards vegetation types with higher biomass underlining a stronger carbon sink. The shift is predicted by bioclimatic models based on abiotic climatic factors, but it is not always confirmed with observations. Recent studies highlight the role of disturbances in the shift. Here we use high-resolution remote sensing to study the process of transition from tundra to forest and its connection to wildfires in the 20 000 km2 area in northwest Siberia. Overall, 40 % of the study area was burned during a 60-year period. Three-quarters of the burned areas were dry tundra. About 10 % of the study area experienced two–three fires with an interval of 15–60 years suggesting a shorter fire return interval than that reported earlier for the northern areas of central Siberia (130–350 years). Based on our results, the shift in vegetation (within the 60-year period) occurred in 40 %–85 % of the burned territories. All fire-affected territories were flat; therefore no effect of topography was detected. Oppositely, in the undisturbed areas, a transition of vegetation was observed only in 6 %–15 % of the territories, characterized by steeper topographic slopes. Our results suggest a strong role of disturbances in the tree advance in northwest Siberia.

scholarly journals Forest Economies: A Remedy to Amazonian Deforestation?

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
Juan José Del Valle Coello
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Past Half

Commonly described as the “lungs of the planet,” the Amazon rainforest represents over half of the remaining rainforest in the world, constituting an important global carbon sink and one of the most culturally- and biologically-diverse regions of the world. The past half-century has seen a worrisome amount of deforestation in this rainforest, but different regions within the Amazon, however, compare differently in terms of deforestation trajectories. What has been the role of products obtained from managing forests, such as the now globally-consumed açaí palm fruit, in reverting deforestation trends? My hypothesis is that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between such forest products and extent of deforestation. This study examines, within the historical and social context of the Amazon Delta and Estuary, the relationship between açaí agroforestry and deforestation. The focus units are the municípios (roughly equivalent to counties) that constitute the Amazon Delta and Estuary, all located in the northern Brazilian states of Amapá and Pará. Statistical data for deforestation obtained from PRODES, a Brazilian governmental project, which monitors deforestation via satellite, is used to ascertain deforestation in the region. This dataset is then correlated with census-based production data for each município for the period from 2002 to 2012. Mapping these variables onto municípios does visually demonstrate a contrast between areas of high deforestation and high açaí production; however, the relationship is not statistically significant. 

scholarly journals Fire and Carbon Cycling in the Subalpine Forests of Yellowstone National Park

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 65-67
Author(s):  
Daniel Kashian ◽  
Daniel Tinker ◽  
Monica Turner ◽  
William Romme ◽  
Michael Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Yellowstone National Park ◽  
National Park ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Global Carbon Cycle ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Ecosystem Production ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Global Carbon

Our research group carried out two projects through UW-NPS and the AMK Ranch in 2007, a field study (project #1) and a workshop for managers (project #2). In 2004 we had initiated a field study of carbon stocks along a replicated chronosequence of stands in Yellowstone National Park that had burned at varying times from ca. 1700 AD through 1988. In each stand we measured all of the major carbon pools (including live biomass, dead biomass, and soil carbon) to characterize changes over time in net ecosystem production (the net balance between carbon uptake and loss from an ecosystem). These empirical data were then used to evaluate the potential effects of changing climate and changing fire frequency on how the Yellowstone landscape as a whole functions as either a carbon sink or a carbon source in the global carbon cycle.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document