Classic Conditioning, Timing, and the Cerebellum

Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 301 (5640) ◽  
pp. 1625l-1625
Keyword(s):  
Classic Conditioning

A model of ventilatory instability induced in the unrestrained rat

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1530-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Thomas ◽  
W. Austin ◽  
L. Friedman ◽  
K. P. Strohl
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Adult Animal ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Sleep Period ◽  
Neonatal Life ◽  
Neonate Rat ◽  
Classic Conditioning

A classic conditioning paradigm was used to examine the hypothesis that perturbations during sleep in the neonate rat can have a lasting impact on breathing. During the first 4 wk of life, stimuli were presented to rats during behaviorally defined sleep. In a conditioned hypoxic (CH) group, brief periods of hypoxic gas were used as the unconditioned stimulus. Tactile and auditory stimuli were used as the conditioned stimuli. In a conditioned control (CC) group, air was used as the unconditioned stimulus. A third group of unconditioned control (UC) rats was not exposed to the conditioning paradigm. Animals were provided routine care for 3.5 mo; ventilation was then assessed using plethysmography. Conditioning during neonatal life produced increased ventilatory irregularities and apnea during behaviorally defined sleep in adult rats. Both CH and CC rats showed a significantly greater number of apneic events compared with UC rats. Over a 2-h sleep period, CH rats exhibited a total of 105.1 +/- 9.4 (SE) apneic events, CC rats 69.4 +/- 4.2 events, and UC rats 42.1 +/- 3.1 events [F(2,18) = 25.568; P < 0.0001]. These findings suggest that experiences in the first few weeks of life will alter ventilatory patterning in the adult animal.

Ring My Bell

2019 ◽  
pp. 303-315
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Special Form ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Classic Conditioning

This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as evaluative conditioning. Evaluative conditioning is defined as a process whereby an emotion is evoked by a piece of music just because this stimulus has been paired, repeatedly, with other positive or negative stimuli, which are not necessarily logically connected to the music in any way. It is a special form of classic conditioning that involves the pairing of an initially neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with an affectively valenced, unconditioned stimulus (US). After the pairing, the CS acquires the ability to arouse the same affective state as the US in the perceiver. The remainder of the chapter discusses the characteristics of evaluative conditioning, the emotions that conditioning might arouse, and the role of conditioning in everyday life.

scholarly journals Advanced Molecular Imaging for Exploring Classic Conditioning and Extinction

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1333-1333
Author(s):  
S. Zhao ◽  
C. N. Fatema ◽  
J. Zhao ◽  
G. Nan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Classic Conditioning

scholarly journals Reviving the old sermon of medicine with the placebo effect

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyong Jin Cho
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Doctor Patient Relationship ◽  
Good Doctor ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Expectation Theory ◽  
Classic Conditioning

OBJECTIVE: The message of the importance of a caring doctor-patient relationship is now like an old sermon which does not impact anyone's mind or action. Observing the healing practice of the old time physicians, who valued their attitudes and relationship with their patients more than the actual interventions, this paper reviews the literature on their main therapeutic device - the placebo effect - as a novel way of delivering this old sermon of medicine to contemporary doctors. DISCUSSION: There are countless historical and contemporary examples of the impressive placebo effect and although contested by some, it seems real and significant. The classic conditioning theory and the expectation theory explain reasonably well the mechanisms of the placebo effect, especially in conjunction with each other. The underlying biochemical pathway, according to the limited current knowledge, involves endorphins for pain and dopamine for Parkinson's disease. Finally, human factors such as the doctor's positive attitudes and a good doctor-patient relationship seem to be more essential than the placebo itself in eliciting the placebo effect. CONCLUSIONS: Given the body of evidence supporting the existence of significant placebo effect and the importance of the doctor-patient relationship in determining it, the human factors of the medical treatment should be emphasised in order to maximise the placebo effect and consequently the overall therapeutic effect of the healing acts.

scholarly journals Mecanismos neuronales del aprendizaje en los peces teleósteos

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo Hurtado-Parrado
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Emotional Learning ◽  
Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Escape Learning ◽  
Classic Conditioning ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Cumulative Evidence

The paper is a review of the literature specialized in identifying brain areas and neurochemical functions that underlie different learning phenomena in teleost fish. The neuroethological approach, a description of the fish brain anatomy, ontogeny and phylogeny, the evolutionary discussion of the relationships between fish and mammals, and the cumulative evidence that suggests homologies in neurobehavioral functions between fish and mammals are introduced. Two predominant approaches for studying the neurobiology of learning in fish were identified, namely brain lesions and chemical stimulation. Regarding the effect of specific brain lesions,telencephalic ablationsonly affectedhabituationlearning (sensitization and classic conditioning were not impaired). Conversely, cerebellum lesions caused impairments in classical conditioning of eye-retraction and spatial learning (similar effects in mammals suggest that the functions of the cerebellum may have evolved early in vertebrate history). Regarding emotional learning, it is argued that research on avoidance and escape learning has been narrowly oriented and that new possibilities may derive from Hineline’s (1977) parametric analysis. Medium Pallium (MP) areas were identified as critical for emotional learning in fish. Furthermore, neurobehavioral functions of MP seem to be similar to the functions of the amygdala in mammals. Concerning neurochemical processes, antagonists of the NMDA receptors affected in a dose-dependent manner the acquisition of avoidance and fear conditioning. Alternatively, Nitric Oxide (NO) and cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) seem to be involved in the consolidation processof emotional learning

scholarly journals Neuronal mechanisms of learning in teleost fish

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo Hurtado-Parrado
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Emotional Learning ◽  
Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Escape Learning ◽  
Classic Conditioning

The paper is a review of the literature specialized in identifying brain areas and neurochemical functions that underlie different learning phenomena in teleost fish. The neuroethological approach, a description of the fish brain anatomy, ontogeny and phylogeny, the evolutionary discussion of the relationships between fish and mammals, and the cumulative evidence that suggests homologies in neurobehavioral functions between fish and mammals are introduced. Two predominant approaches for studying the neurobiology of learning in fish were identified, namely brain lesions and chemical stimulation. Regarding the effect of specific brain lesions,telencephalic ablationsonly affectedhabituationlearning (sensitization and classic conditioning were not impaired). Conversely, cerebellum lesions caused impairments in classical conditioning of eye-retraction and spatial learning (similar effects in mammals suggest that the functions of the cerebellum may have evolved early in vertebrate history). Regarding emotional learning, it is argued that research on avoidance and escape learning has been narrowly oriented and that new possibilities may derive from Hineline’s (1977) parametric analysis. Medium Pallium (MP) areas were identified as critical for emotional learning in fish. Furthermore, neurobehavioral functions of MP seem to be similar to the functions of the amygdala in mammals. Concerning neurochemical processes, antagonists of the NMDA receptors affected in a dose-dependent manner the acquisition of avoidance and fear conditioning. Alternatively, Nitric Oxide (NO) and cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) seem to be involved in the consolidation processof emotional learning.

scholarly journals CHANCHING THE EXTERNALIZING AND INTERNALIZING SPECTRUM OF PERSONALITY WITH SELF-REGULATION THERAPY

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Salvador Amigó ◽  
Joan C Micó ◽  
Antonio Caselles
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Relaxation Effect ◽  
The Self ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stimulant Drugs ◽  
Group Design ◽  
General Factor Of Personality ◽  
Integrator Model ◽  
Classic Conditioning

This article presents an integrator model of changes in the externalizing and internalizing factors of personality grouped in the General Factor of Personality (GFP), based on the Unique Trait Personality Theory (UTPT) [1]. This theory proposes that a continuum exists between personality and psychopathology, as well as the existence of a GFP that occupies the apex of the hierarchy of personality, and extends from an impulsiveness-and-aggressiveness pole (externalizing spectrum) to an anxiety-and-introversion pole (internalizing spectrum). With an experimental intra-group design, 30 regular users of stimulant drugs (cocaine and amphetamine) used the Self-Regulation Therapy (SRT). The SRT is a psychological procedure based on classic conditioning and suggestion used to experience a relaxation effect after the first session, and a stimulation effect during the second session. This stimulation is achieved by reproducing, by the SRT, the sensations produced by stimulant drugs. Effects were recorded on format-state scales of personality adjectives and activation, which represented both externalizing and internalizing factors. The results showed that both relaxation and stimulation, by imitating the effects of drugs, brought about short-term changes in both the GFP, and the externalizing and internalizing factors, and also in the predicted direction, i.e., changes in global personality.

Classic conditioning of the ventilatory responses in rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1174-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Nsegbe ◽  
Guy Vardon ◽  
Pierre Perruchet ◽  
Jorge Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Control Of Breathing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tone Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Inhibitory Conditioning ◽  
Classic Conditioning ◽  
Experimental Group

Nsegbe, Elise, Guy Vardon, Pierre Perruchet, and Jorge Gallego. Classic conditioning of the ventilatory responses in rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(4): 1174–1183, 1997.—Recent authors have stressed the role of conditioning in the control of breathing, but experimental evidence of this role is still sparse and contradictory. To establish that classic conditioning of the ventilatory responses can occur in rats, we performed a controlled experiment in which a 1-min tone [conditioned stimulus (CS)] was paired with a hypercapnic stimulus [8.5% CO2, unconditioned stimulus (US)]. The experimental group ( n = 9) received five paired CS-US presentations, followed by one CS alone to test conditioning. This sequence was repeated six times. The control group ( n = 7) received the same number of CS and US, but each US was delivered 3 min after the CS. We observed that after the CS alone, breath duration was significantly longer in the experimental than in the control group and mean ventilation was significantly lower, thus showing inhibitory conditioning. This conditioning may have resulted from the association between the CS and the inhibitory and aversive effects of CO2. The present results confirmed the high sensitivity of the respiratory controller to conditioning processes.

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