ABSTRACTThe arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) is the largest genomic region distinguishing epidemic USA300 strains of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) from otherS. aureusstrains. However, the functional relevance of ACME to infection and disease has remained unclear. Using phylogenetic analysis, we have shown that the modular segments of ACME were assembled into a single genetic locus inStaphylococcus epidermidisand then horizontally transferred to the common ancestor of USA300 strains in an extremely recent event. Acquisition of one ACME gene,speG, allowed USA300 strains to withstand levels of polyamines (e.g., spermidine) produced in skin that are toxic to other closely relatedS. aureusstrains.speG-mediated polyamine tolerance also enhanced biofilm formation, adherence to fibrinogen/fibronectin, and resistance to antibiotic and keratinocyte-mediated killing. We suggest that these properties gave USA300 a major selective advantage during skin infection and colonization, contributing to the extraordinary evolutionary success of this clone.IMPORTANCEOver the past 15 years, methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) has become a major public health problem. It is likely that adaptations in specific MRSA lineages (e.g., USA300) drove the spread of MRSA across the United States and allowed it to replace other, less-virulentS. aureusstrains. We suggest that one major factor in the evolutionary success of MRSA may have been the acquisition of a gene (speG) that allowsS. aureusto evade the toxicity of polyamines (e.g., spermidine and spermine) that are produced in human skin. Polyamine tolerance likely gave MRSA multiple fitness advantages, including the formation of more-robust biofilms, increased adherence to host tissues, and resistance to antibiotics and killing by human skin cells.
Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Clonal Group ST239-MRSA-III Isolates in Singapore: Implications for PCR-Based Screening Tests
