scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Oral Levofloxacin in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Subjects Receiving Concomitant Antiretroviral Therapy

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 2160-2162 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Villani ◽  
P. Viale ◽  
L. Signorini ◽  
B. Cadeo ◽  
F. Marchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Dosing Interval ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile of oral levofloxacin in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in steady-state treatment with nelfinavir (NFV) or with efavirenz (EFV) and to determine the effects of levofloxacin on the PK parameters of these two antiretroviral agents. For levofloxacin, plasma samples were obtained at steady state during a 24-h dosing interval. Plasma NFV and EFV concentrations were evaluated before and after 4 days of levofloxacin treatment. Levofloxacin PK do not seem affected by NFV and EFV. There was no significant difference between NFV and EFV plasma levels obtained with and without levofloxacin.

scholarly journals Liver function in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection before and after 6 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-64
Author(s):  
Eva Jacomina Jemima Sapulete ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Sanjaya Putra ◽  
Ketut Dewi Kumara Wati ◽  
Hendra Santoso ◽  
I Putu Gede Karyana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fluconazole Therapy

Background Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has resulted in dramatic decreases in morbidity and improved survival rate in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Although the risk of morbidity has decreased, it has been replaced by other long-term complications, such as hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity is often reflected in biochemical abnormalities of liver function, such as elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI). Objective To compare liver function spectrum (AST, ALT, and APRI) in HIV-infected children before and after at least 6 months of HAART. Methods This observational study (before and after) was conducted in pediatric patients with HIV infection who received HAART for at least 6 months at Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Data were collected from medical records. Results Forty-nine patients were observed in this study. The mean AST, ALT, and APRI levels before HAART were higher than after at least 6 months of HAART. Anti-tuberculosis treatment and fluconazole therapy were not confounding factors for AST, ALT, and APRI. Conclusion Liver function spectrum enzyme levels of AST, ALT, and APRI are improved after at least 6 months of HAART.

scholarly journals Intensifying Antiretroviral Therapy With Raltegravir and Maraviroc During Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Does Not Accelerate HIV Reservoir Reduction

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Ostrowski ◽  
Erika Benko ◽  
Feng Yun Yue ◽  
Connie J. Kim ◽  
Sanja Huibner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Replication Competent Virus ◽  
Proviral Dna ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Dna 2

Abstract Background.  Persistent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within the CD4+ T-cell reservoir is an obstacle to eradication. We hypothesized that adding raltegravir and maraviroc to standard combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) during early HIV infection could substantially reduce viral reservoirs as a step towards eradication. Methods.  A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot trial enrolled 32 participants with documented early (<6 months) HIV infection to either standard cART (emtricitabine/tenofovir/lopinavir/ritonavir) or intensive cART (standard regimen + raltegravir/maraviroc). Human immunodeficiency virus reservoirs were assessed at baseline and at 48 weeks by (1) proviral DNA, (2) cell-associated RNA, and (3) replication-competent virus, all from purified blood CD4+ T cells, and (4) gut proviral DNA. A multiassay algorithm (MAA) on baseline sera estimated timing of infection. Results.  Thirty individuals completed the study to the 48-week endpoint. The reduction in blood proviral burden was −1.03 log DNA copies/106 CD4+ T cells versus −.84 log in the standard and intensive groups, respectively (P = .056). Overall, there was no significant difference in the rate of decline of HIV-associated RNA, replication-competent virus in blood CD4+ T cells, nor proviral gut HIV DNA to 48 weeks. Individuals who presented with more recent HIV infection had significantly lower virus reservoirs, and cART tended to reduce their reservoirs to a greater extent. Conclusions.  Intensive cART led to no additional reduction in the blood virus reservoir at 48 weeks compared with standard cART. Human immunodeficiency virus reservoir size is smaller earlier in HIV infection. Other novel treatment strategies in combination with early cART will be needed to eliminate the HIV latent reservoir.

scholarly journals Use of Changes in Plasma Levels of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA to Assess the Clinical Benefit of Antiretroviral Therapy

1998 ◽  
Vol 177 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian C. Marschner ◽  
Ann C. Collier ◽  
Robert W. Coombs ◽  
Richard T. D'Aquila ◽  
Victor DeGruttola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Clinical Benefit ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Azithromycin Administered Alone and with Atovaquone in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1516-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leock Y. Ngo ◽  
Ram Yogev ◽  
Wayne M. Dankner ◽  
Walter T. Hughes ◽  
Sandra Burchett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
To Receive

ABSTRACT To evaluate if atovaquone (ATQ) interacts pharmacokinetically with azithromycin (AZ) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children, 10 subjects (ages, 4 to 13 years) were randomized in a crossover study to receive AZ (5 mg/kg/day) alone (ALONE) or AZ (5 mg/kg/day) and ATQ (30 mg/kg/day) simultaneously (SIM) prior to receiving AZ and ATQ staggered by 12 h. Despite a lack of significant difference in the mean AZ pharmacokinetic parameters, the steady-state values of AZ’s area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h and maximum concentration in serum were consistently lower (n = 7 of 7) for the SIM regimen than they were for the ALONE regimen. A larger study will be required to determine if ATQ affects AZ pharmacokinetics and efficacy in a clinically significant manner.

scholarly journals Single-Dose and Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohan Hazra ◽  
Frank M. Balis ◽  
Antonella N. Tullio ◽  
Ellen DeCarlo ◽  
Carol J. Worrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Tenofovir Df

ABSTRACT Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) is a potent nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults. The single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of tenofovir were evaluated following administration of tenofovir DF in treatment-experienced HIV-infected children requiring a change in antiretroviral therapy. Using increments of tenofovir DF 75-mg tablets, the target dose was 175 mg/m2; the median administered dose was 208 mg/m2. Single-dose pharmacokinetics were evaluated in 18 subjects, and the geometric mean area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to ∞ (AUC0-∞) was 2,150 ng · h/ml and the geometric mean maximum concentration (C max) was 266 ng/ml. Subsequently, other antiretrovirals were added to each patient's regimen based upon treatment history and baseline viral resistance results. Steady-state pharmacokinetics were evaluated in 16 subjects at week 4. The steady-state, geometric mean AUC for the 24-h dosing interval was 2,920 ng · h/ml and was significantly higher than the AUC0-∞ after the first dose (P = 0.0004). The geometric mean C max at steady state was 302 ng/ml. Tenofovir DF was generally very well tolerated. Steady-state tenofovir exposures in children receiving tenofovir DF-containing combination antiretroviral therapy approached values seen in HIV-infected adults (AUC, ∼3,000 ng · h/ml; C max, ∼300 ng/ml) treated with tenofovir DF at 300 mg.

scholarly journals Effects of Minocycline and Valproic Acid Coadministration on Atazanavir Plasma Concentrations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults Receiving Atazanavir-Ritonavir

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 3035-3039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert DiCenzo ◽  
Derick R. Peterson ◽  
Kim Cruttenden ◽  
Peter Mariuz ◽  
Naser L. Rezk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Dosing Interval ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Minocycline and valproic acid are potential adjuvant therapies for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether minocycline alone or in combination with valproic acid affected atazanavir plasma concentrations. Twelve adult HIV-infected subjects whose regimen included atazanavir (300 mg)-ritonavir (100 mg) daily for at least 4 weeks were enrolled. Each subject received atazanavir-ritonavir on day 1, atazanavir-ritonavir plus 100 mg minocycline twice daily on days 2 to 15, and atazanavir-ritonavir plus 100 mg minocycline twice daily and 250 mg valproic acid twice daily on days 16 to 30 with meals. The subjects had 11 plasma samples drawn over a dosing interval on days 1, 15, and 30. The coadministration of minocycline and valproic acid with atazanavir-ritonavir was well tolerated in all 12 subjects (six male; mean [± standard deviation] age was 43.1 [8.2] years). The geometric mean ratios (GMRs; 95% confidence interval [CI]) for the atazanavir area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h at steady state (AUC0-24), the plasma concentration 24 h after the dose (C min), and the maximum concentration during the dosing interval (C max) with and without minocycline were 0.67 (0.50 to 0.90), 0.50 (0.28 to 0.89), and 0.75 (0.58 to 0.95), respectively. Similar decreases in atazanavir exposure were seen after the addition of valproic acid. The GMRs (95% CI) for atazanavir AUC0-24, C min, and C max with and without minocycline plus valproic acid were 0.68 (0.43 to 1.06), 0.50 (0.24 to 1.06), and 0.66 (0.41 to 1.06), respectively. Coadministration of neither minocycline nor minocycline plus valproic acid appeared to influence the plasma concentrations of ritonavir (P > 0.2). Minocycline coadministration resulted in decreased atazanavir exposure, and there was no evidence that the addition of valproic acid mediated this effect.

scholarly journals High Rates of Virological Suppression in a Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Adults Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Ethiopian Health Centers Irrespective of Concomitant Tuberculosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Reepalu ◽  
Taye Tolera Balcha ◽  
Sten Skogmar ◽  
Zelalem Habtamu Jemal ◽  
Erik Sturegård ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Retention In Care ◽  
Virological Suppression ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Art Initiation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background.  Antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation during treatment for tuberculosis (TB) improves survival in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/TB-coinfected patients. We compared virological suppression (VS) rates, mortality, and retention in care in HIV-positive adults receiving care in 5 Ethiopian health centers with regard to TB coinfection. Methods.  Human immunodeficiency virus-positive ART-naive adults eligible for ART initiation were prospectively recruited. At inclusion, all patients underwent microbiological investigations for TB (sputum smear, liquid culture, and polymerase chain reaction). Virological suppression rates after 6 months of ART (VS; viral load <40 and <400 copies/mL) with regard to TB status was the primary outcome. The impact of HIV/TB coinfection on VS rates was determined by multivariate regression analysis. Mortality and retention in care were analyzed by proportional hazard models. Results.  Among 812 participants (TB, 158; non-TB, 654), 678 started ART during the follow-up period (TB, 135; non-TB, 543). No difference in retention in care between TB and non-TB patients was observed during follow-up; 25 (3.7%) patients died, and 17 (2.5%) were lost to follow-up (P = .30 and P = .83, respectively). Overall rates of VS at 6 months were 72.1% (<40 copies/mL) and 88.7% (<400 copies/mL), with similar results for subjects with and without TB coinfection (<40 copies/mL: 65 of 92 [70.7%] vs 304 of 420 [72.4%], P = .74; <400 copies/mL: 77 of 92 [83.7%] vs 377 of 420 [89.8%], P = .10, respectively). Conclusions.  High rates of VS can be achieved in adults receiving ART at health centers, with no significant difference with regard to TB coinfection. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of combined ART and anti-TB treatment in primary healthcare in low-income countries. Clinical Trials Registration.  NCT01433796.

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