scholarly journals Seasonality and geography have a greater influence than the use of chlorine-based cleaning agents on the microbiota of bulk tank raw milk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Yap ◽  
David Gleeson ◽  
Paul W O’Toole ◽  
Orla O’Sullivan ◽  
Paul D. Cotter
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomics ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Cleaning Methods ◽  
Functional Profiles

Cleaning of the production environment is vital to ensure the safety and quality of dairy products. Although cleaning with chlorine-based agents is widely adopted, it has been associated with detrimental effects on milk quality and safety, which has garnered increasing interest in chlorine-free cleaning. However, the influence of these methods on the milk microbiota is not well documented. This study investigated the factors that influence the raw milk microbiota, with a focus on the differences when chlorine-based and chlorine-free cleaning of milking equipment are used. Bulk tank raw milk was sampled at three sampling months (Apr, Aug and Nov), from farms across Ireland selected to capture the use of different cleaning methods, i.e., exclusively chlorine-based (n = 51) and chlorine-free cleaning (n = 92), and farms that used chlorine-free agents for the bulk tank and chlorine-based cleaning agents for the rest of the equipment (n = 28). Shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed the significant influence of seasonal and geographic factors on the bulk tank milk microbiota, indicated by differences in diversity, taxonomic composition, and functional characteristics. Taxonomic and functional profiles of samples collected in November clustered separately from other months. In contrast, cleaning methods only accounted for 1% of the variation in the bulk tank milk bacterial community, and samples collected from farms using chlorine relative to chlorine-free cleaning did not differ significantly, suggesting that chlorine-free approaches used did not negatively impact microbiological quality. This study shows the value of shotgun metagenomics in advancing our knowledge of the raw milk microbiota. IMPORTANCE The microbiota of raw milk is affected by many factors that can control or promote the introduction of undesirable microorganisms. Chlorine-based cleaning agents have been commonly used due to their effectiveness in controlling undesirable microorganisms, but have been associated with the formation of chlorine residues that are detrimental to product quality and may impact consumer health. Chlorine-free alternatives have been recommended in some countries, but the influence of cleaning agents on the milk microbiota is unknown. Here we investigated the influence of cleaning methods and other factors on bulk tank raw milk. Results showed that season and location had a greater influence on the milk microbiota than the cleaning agents used. Indeed, the similar microbiota compositions of raw milk from farms that used chlorine-based and those that used chlorine-free cleaning methods supports the further use of chlorine-free cleaning agents in dairy production.

Evaluation of virulence factors profiles and antimicrobials resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from bulk tank milk and raw milk filters

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Dell'Orco ◽  
Claudia Gusmara ◽  
Monica Loiacono ◽  
Theo Gugliotta ◽  
Francesca Albonico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Bulk Tank

scholarly journals Effect of recycled manure solids as bedding on bulk tank milk and implications for cheese microbiological quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mérilie Gagnon ◽  
Laurie Hamelin ◽  
Annie Fréchette ◽  
Simon Dufour ◽  
Denis Roy
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Bulk Tank

Detection and Fate of Bacillus anthracis (Sterne) Vegetative Cells and Spores Added to Bulk Tank Milk†

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2349-2354 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL L. PERDUE ◽  
JEFF KARNS ◽  
JIM HIGGINS ◽  
JO ANN VAN KESSEL
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Lethal Factor ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Bulk Tank

A preparation of Bacillus anthracis (Sterne strain) spores was used to evaluate commercially available reagents and portable equipment for detecting anthrax contamination by using real-time PCR and was used to assess the fate of spores added directly to bulk tank milk. The Ruggedized Advanced Pathogen Identification Device (RAPID) was employed to detect spores in raw milk down to a concentration of 2,500 spores per ml. Commercially available primers and probes developed to detect either the protective antigen gene or the lethal factor gene both provided easily read positive signals with the RAPID following extraction from milk with a commercially available DNA extraction kit. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the vrrA gene with the use of DNA extracted from spiked milk provided molecular data that readily identified the spores as B. anthracis with a 100% BLAST match to the Sterne and Ames strains and easily distinguished them from B. cereus. Physical-fate and thermal-stability studies demonstrated that spores and vegetative cells have a strong affinity for the cream fraction of whole milk. A single treatment at standard pasteurization temperatures, while 100% lethal to vegetative cells, had no effect on spore viability even 14 days after the treatment. Twenty-four hours after the first treatment, a second treatment at 72°C for 15 s reduced the viability of the population by ca. 99% but still did not kill all of the spores. From these studies, we conclude that standard pasteurization techniques for milk would have little effect on the viability of B. anthracis spores and that raw or pasteurized milk poses no obstacles to the rapid detection of the spores by molecular techniques.

Herd factors influencing free fatty acid concentrations in bulk tank milk

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Wiking ◽  
Martin Bjerring ◽  
Mette Marie Løkke ◽  
P. Løvendahl ◽  
T. Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Production System ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Milking Frequency ◽  
Technical Factors ◽  
Bulk Tank

AbstractFree fatty acid (FFA) concentrations can be elevated in raw milk due to improper handling and management at the dairy farm, and high concentrations of FFA can lead to off flavors in milk. This study aimed to describe how the herd production system, milking system, feeding and technological factors impact on FFA concentrations in bulk tank milk. FFA concentrations in bulk milk samples from 259 organic and 3326 conventional herds were analyzed by FT-IR during one year. The FFA content was significantly lower in bulk milk from organic than conventional herds. This was most evident during the summer half-year when the organic cows graze pasture. Bulk milk from automatic milking systems (AMS) and tie-stalls contained greater concentrations of FFA than any other milking parlor systems. In AMS, high milking frequency was found to be the most significant contributor to elevated FFA content in milk. Moreover, a strong interaction was found between milking interval and production system (organic vs. conventional). The technical factors, pre-cooling, onset time for cooling after milk inlet, contact between milk and agitation also impacted on the FFA concentration, whereas other technical factors including centrifugal pump type, length and height of pumping line and type of AMS manufacturer were found to be without significant effect on FFA. Feeding variables, based on feeding plans and evaluation, only explained a small part of the variation in bulk milk FFA. Overall, this study demonstrated that AMS compared to other milking system contributes significantly to increased FFA concentration in bulk tank milk, and within AMS high milking frequency contributes to increased FFA concentration.

Estimating Bacterial Pathogen Levels in New Zealand Bulk Tank Milk

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MARSHALL ◽  
T. K. SOBOLEVA ◽  
P. JAMIESON ◽  
N. P. FRENCH
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank

ABSTRACT Zoonotic bacteria such as Campylobacter, Listeria, and Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli have been found in bulk tank milk in many countries, and the consumption of raw milk has been implicated in outbreaks of disease in New Zealand. Fecal contamination at milking is probably the most common source of pathogenic bacteria in bulk tank milk. Raw milk was collected from 80 New Zealand dairy farms during 2011 and 2012 and tested periodically for Campylobacter, E. coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella. Milk quality data such as coliform counts, total bacterial counts, and somatic cell counts also were collected. By treating the total bacterial count as a proxy for fecal contamination of milk and utilizing farm and animal level prevalence and shedding rates of each pathogen, a predictive model for the level of pathogenic bacteria in bulk tank raw milk was developed. The model utilizes a mixture distribution to combine the low level of contamination inherent in the milking process with isolated contamination events associated with significantly higher pathogen levels. By simulating the sampling and testing process, the predictive model was validated against the observed prevalence of each pathogen in the survey. The predicted prevalence was similar to the observed prevalence for E. coli O157 and Salmonella, although the predicted prevalence was higher than that observed in samples tested for Campylobacter.

scholarly journals A new integrated approach to analyze bulk tank milk and raw milk filters for the presence of the E. coli serogroups frequently associated with VTEC status

2017 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Albonico ◽  
Claudia Gusmara ◽  
Theo Gugliotta ◽  
Monica Loiacono ◽  
Michele Mortarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bulk Tank

scholarly journals Short communication: Evaluation of bulk tank milk microbiological quality of nine dairy farms in Tennessee

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 4275-4279 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.E. Gillespie ◽  
M.J. Lewis ◽  
S. Boonyayatra ◽  
M.L. Maxwell ◽  
A. Saxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Communication Evaluation ◽  
Bulk Tank

The effect of environmental factors on the microbiological quality of bulk tank milk

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 755-758
Author(s):  
F. Peles ◽  
P. Keresztúri ◽  
A. Iglói ◽  
A. Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Bulk Tank

scholarly journals Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in bulk tank milk in relation to raw milk quality

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Åkerstedt ◽  
Karin Persson Waller ◽  
Åse Sternesjö
Keyword(s):  
Whey Protein ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Serum Amyloid A ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Tank

The aim of the present study was to evaluate relationships between the presence of the two major bovine acute phase proteins haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA) and raw milk quality parameters in bulk tank milk samples. Hp and SAA have been suggested as specific markers of mastitis but recently also as markers for raw milk quality. Since mastitis has detrimental effects on milk quality, it is important to investigate whether the presence of Hp or SAA indicates such changes in the composition and properties of the milk. Bulk tank milk samples (n=91) were analysed for Hp, SAA, total protein, casein, whey protein, proteolysis, fat, lactose, somatic cell count and coagulating properties. Samples with detectable levels of Hp had lower casein content, casein number and lactose content, but higher proteolysis than samples without Hp. Samples with detectable levels of SAA had lower casein number and lactose content, but higher whey protein content than samples without SAA. The presence of acute phase proteins in bulk tank milk is suggested as an indicator for unfavourable changes in the milk composition, e.g. protein quality, due to udder health disturbances, with economical implications for the dairy industry.

Mastitis-Causing Streptococci Are Important Contributors to Bacterial Counts in Raw Bulk Tank Milk

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 2644-2650 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. ZADOKS ◽  
R. N. GONZÁLEZ ◽  
K. J. BOOR ◽  
Y. H. SCHUKKEN
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
York State ◽  
Bulk Tank

The objective of this study was to probe the contribution of streptococci to the microbial quality of raw milk. Over a 5-month period, bulk tank milk samples from 48 New York State dairy farms were analyzed qualitatively for bacterial ecology and quantitatively for total bacterial, streptococcal, staphylococcal, and gram-negative bacterial counts. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the contribution of differential counts to total bacterial counts. Streptococci, staphylococci, and gram-negative bacteria accounted for 69, 3, and 3% of total bacterial count variability, respectively. Randomly selected Streptococcus isolates from each bulk tank milk sample were identified to species by means of the API 20 STREP identification system. The most commonly identified streptococcal species were Streptococcus uberis, Aerococcus viridans, and Streptococcus agalactiae, which were detected in 81, 50, and 31% of 48 bulk tank samples, respectively. For five herds, S. uberis isolates from bulk tank milk and individual cows were characterized by PvuII ribotyping. A farm-specific dominant ribotype was found in each bulk tank sample, and that ribotype was isolated from at least one cow within each herd of origin. Bacteriological and strain typing data indicate that control of streptococci, specifically mastitis-causing species, is important for improvement of the microbial quality of raw milk in New York State.

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