scholarly journals Genotyping and Source Tracking of Cronobacter sakazakii and C. malonaticus Isolates from Powdered Infant Formula and an Infant Formula Production Factory in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (16) ◽  
pp. 5430-5439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Fei ◽  
Chaoxin Man ◽  
Binbin Lou ◽  
Stephen J. Forsythe ◽  
Yunlei Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Neonatal Meningitis ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fluidized Bed Drying ◽  
Contamination Routes ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACTCronobacterspp. (formerly defined asEnterobacter sakazakii) are opportunistic bacterial pathogens of both infants and adults. In this study, we analyzed 70Cronobacterisolates from powdered infant formula (PIF) and an infant formula production facility in China to determine possible contamination routes. The strains were profiled by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), PCR-based O-antigen serotyping, andompAandrpoBsequence analyses. The isolates were primarilyCronobacter sakazakii(66/70) orCronobactermalonaticus(4/70). The strains were divided into 38 pulsotypes (PTs) using PFGE and 19 sequence types (STs) by MLST. In contrast,rpoBandompAsequence analyses divided the strains into 10 overlapping clusters each. PCR serotyping of the 66C. sakazakiiand 4C. malonaticusstrains resulted in the identification of fourC. sakazakiiserotypes (O1, O2, O4, and O7) and a singleC. malonaticusserotype, O2. The dominantC. sakazakiisequence types from PIF and an infant formula production factory in China wereC. sakazakiiclonal complex 4 (CC4) (n= 19), ST1 (n= 14), and ST64 (n= 11).C. sakazakiiCC4 is a clonal lineage strongly associated with neonatal meningitis. In the process of manufacturing PIF, the spray-drying, fluidized-bed-drying, and packing areas were the main areas withCronobactercontamination.C. sakazakiistrains with the same pulsotypes (PT3 and PT2) and sequence types (ST1 and ST64) were isolated both from processing equipment and from the PIF finished product.

scholarly journals RNA Sequencing-Based Transcriptional Overview of Xerotolerance inCronobacter sakazakiiSP291

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabarinath Srikumar ◽  
Yu Cao ◽  
Qiongqiong Yan ◽  
Koenraad Van Hoorde ◽  
Scott Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Infant Food ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTCronobacter sakazakiiis a xerotolerant neonatal pathogen epidemiologically linked to powdered infant food formula, often resulting in high mortality rates. Here, we used transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to provide transcriptional insights into the survival ofC. sakazakiiin desiccated conditions. Our RNA-seq data show that about 22% of the totalC. sakazakiigenes were significantly upregulated and 9% were downregulated during desiccation survival. When reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the RNA-seq data, we found that the primary desiccation response was gradually downregulated during the tested 4 hours of desiccation, while the secondary response remained constitutively upregulated. The 4-hour desiccation tolerance ofC. sakazakiiwas dependent on the immediate microenvironment surrounding the bacterial cell. The removal of Trypticase soy broth (TSB) salts and the introduction of sterile infant formula residues in the microenvironment enhanced the desiccation survival ofC. sakazakiiSP291. The trehalose biosynthetic pathway encoded byotsAandotsB, a prominent secondary bacterial desiccation response, was highly upregulated in desiccatedC. sakazakii.C. sakazakiiSP291 ΔotsABwas significantly inhibited compared with the isogenic wild type in an 8-hour desiccation survival assay, confirming the physiological importance of trehalose in desiccation survival. Overall, we provide a comprehensive RNA-seq-based transcriptional overview along with confirmation of the phenotypic importance of trehalose metabolism inCronobacter sakazakiiduring desiccation.IMPORTANCECronobacter sakazakiiis a pathogen of importance to neonatal health and is known to persist in dry food matrices, such as powdered infant formula (PIF) and its associated production environment. When infections are reported in neonates, mortality rates can be high. The success of this bacterium in surviving these low-moisture environments suggests thatCronobacterspecies can respond to a variety of environmental signals. Therefore, understanding those signals that aid the persistence of this pathogen in these ecological niches is an important step toward the development of strategies to reduce the risk of contamination of PIF. This research led to the identification of candidate genes that play a role in the persistence of this pathogen in desiccated conditions and, thereby, serve as a model target to design future strategies to mitigate PIF-associated survival ofC. sakazakii.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Cronobacter sakazakii Cr268, Isolated from Infant Powder Formula

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gal Zizelski Valenci ◽  
Mor Rubinstein ◽  
Reuven Afriat ◽  
Shira Rosencwaig ◽  
Zeev Dveyrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Content Type

Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging pathogen that causes meningitis, bacteremia, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Strain Cr268 was isolated from imported powdered infant formula in 2009 during routine microbial examination according to ISO-22964 (“Microbiology of the food chain—horizontal method for the detection of Cronobacter spp.”).

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequences of Seven Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Carrying the mcr 9.1 Gene Isolated in Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Parra-Flores ◽  
Ondrej Holý ◽  
Francisca Riffo ◽  
Sarah Lepuschitz ◽  
Werner Ruppitsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Content Type

Cronobacter sakazakii is a pathogen that causes severe diseases such as meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants under 12 months, associated with the consumption of contaminated rehydrated powdered infant formula (PIF). We present seven C. sakazakii genome sequences isolated from PIF and dairy products in Chile in 2017.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequences of Cronobacter muytjensii Cr150, Cronobacter turicensis Cr170, and Cronobacter sakazakii Cr611

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gal Zizelski Valenci ◽  
Mor Rubinstein ◽  
Reuven Afriat ◽  
Shira Rosencwaig ◽  
Zeev Dveyrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
New Members ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT The sequencing and bioinformatics analyses of isolates Cr150, Cr170, and Cr611 from powdered infant formula indicate that the three strains represent new members in the Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter turicensis, and Cronobacter sakazakii groups, respectively.

Genetic Diversity of Cronobacter sakazakii Isolates Collected from a Swiss Infant Formula Production Facility

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREA MÜLLER ◽  
ROGER STEPHAN ◽  
CLAUDIA FRICKER-FEER ◽  
ANGELIKA LEHNER
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Production Facility ◽  
Pfge Analysis ◽  
O Antigen ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Prevalent Species

In this study, 141 Cronobacter isolates that were collected based on a hygienic monitoring program performed in a powdered infant formula production facility in Switzerland between September 2011 and October 2012 were further characterized. Isolates were identified to the species level by molecular methods, and strains of Cronobacter sakazakii were further subtyped by applying PCR-based O-antigen serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). C. sakazakii was the most prevalent species identified (93.6%). Among this collection of isolates, representatives of all but one O-antigen serotype (serotype O5) were recognized. MLST analysis of 19 selected isolates revealed that most of the typeable isolates belonged to sequence type (ST) 4. Correlations between ST4 and serotype O2 and between ST83 and serotype O7 were observed. PFGE analysis revealed clusters with multiple isolates, including strains from samples collected at different time points and sampling sources. Generally, the observed heterogeneity among strains collected over the 13 months of the monitoring program was high, suggesting a constant flux among strains rather than a selection for persisting organisms.

scholarly journals Genome Sequences of Malonate-PositiveCronobacter sakazakiiSerogroup O:2, Sequence Type 64 Strains CDC 1121-73 and GK1025, Isolated from Human Bronchial Wash and a Powdered Infant Formula Manufacturing Plant

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Chase ◽  
G. R. Gopinath ◽  
J. Gangiredla ◽  
I. R. Patel ◽  
M. H. Kothary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Formula ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Manufacturing Plant ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Manufacturing Facility ◽  
Bronchial Wash

We introduce draft genome sequences of strains CDC1121-73 (human bronchial wash isolate) and GK1025 (powdered infant formula manufacturing facility isolate), which are both malonate-positiveCronobacter sakazakiiserogroup O:2, sequence type 64. Assemblies for these strains have sizes of 4,442,307 and 4,599,266 bp and % G+C contents of 56.9 and 56.7, respectively.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from different herbal teas and mixtures in Serbia

Genetika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-934
Author(s):  
Dragana Josic ◽  
Marija Stojanovic ◽  
Zorica Lepsanovic ◽  
Vera Katic
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sequences Analysis ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Rrna Sequences

Cronobacter sakazakii is an important cause of human infections that can be serious and even fatal among premature neonates and immunocompromised adults or infants. Because of its high tolerance to osmotic stress, C. sakazakii is frequently isolated from dried foods, such as powdered infant formula and herbal teas. The aim of investigation was detection, identification and molecular characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii isolates from infant formula and various herbal teas collected from Serbian market and tested for import control. C. sakazakii was not detected in any of the 360 analysed samples of powdered infant formula. However, 192 out of 520 samples of herbal teas tested were positive for C. sakazakii (37.1%). The high prevalence was observed in teas for children (51.6%) and in ?baby? teas (44.1%), followed by medicinal teas (38%). The largest one-herb-teas group (221 samples) contained 72 C. sakazakii-positive samples (32.6%) and involved Sennae folium, Althaeae radix, Menthae piperitae folium, Chamomilae flos and Urticae folium teas. Molecular characterization of isolated C. sakazakii from different herbal teas by rep-PCR, RAPD and 16S rRNA sequences analysis showed the high similarity to C. sakazakii NCTC 8155. Knowing this strain as one of the most pathogenic clinical strains, our results raise concern about the safety risks these foods pose to immunocompromised and healthy consumers, especially for babies and children.

Heat resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii DPC 6529 and its behavior in reconstituted powdered infant formula

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan-Pablo Huertas ◽  
Avelino Álvarez-Ordóñez ◽  
Ruth Morrissey ◽  
Maria Ros-Chumillas ◽  
Maria-Dolores Esteban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii

scholarly journals Growth Inhibition of Cronobacter sakazakii in Experimentally Contaminated Powdered Infant Formula by Kefir Supernatant

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 1651-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONG-HYEON KIM ◽  
JUNG-WHAN CHON ◽  
IL-BYEONG KANG ◽  
HYUNSOOK KIM ◽  
HONG-SEOK KIM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Lactobacillus Kefiri ◽  
Culture Supernatants

Kefir is a type of fermented milk containing lactic and acetic acid bacteria and yeast. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of kefir supernatant against Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula (PIF). In a spot-on-lawn test, the growth of 20 C. sakazakii strains, including 10 clinical and 10 food isolates, was completely inhibited in the presence of kefir supernatant. Significant differences in the diameters of inhibition zones were observed upon treatment with kefir compared with the results for Lactobacillus kefiri and Candida kefyr culture supernatants or solutions of lactic and acetic acid and ethyl alcohol in the agar well diffusion test (P < 0.05). The addition of 100 μl of kefir supernatant to 1 ml of nutrient broth completely inhibited the growth of C. sakazakii, as evaluated by spectrophotometry. The antimicrobial activity of kefir supernatant in experimentally contaminated PIF was also tested; we found no viable C. sakazakii cells remaining in PIF rehydrated with 30% kefir supernatant solution for 1 h, demonstrating that the antimicrobial activity of kefir supernatant against C. sakazakii could be applied in real food samples.

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