scholarly journals Surface Sampling of Spores in Dry-Deposition Aerosols

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Edmonds ◽  
Patricia J. Collett ◽  
Erica R. Valdes ◽  
Evan W. Skowronski ◽  
Gregory J. Pellar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Properties ◽  
Real World ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Standard Sample ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Surface Material ◽  
Surface Sampling ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Spore Deposition ◽  
Liquid Deposition

ABSTRACT The ability to reliably and reproducibly sample surfaces contaminated with a biological agent is a critical step in measuring the extent of contamination and determining if decontamination steps have been successful. The recovery operations following the 2001 attacks with Bacillus anthracis spores were complicated by the fact that no standard sample collection format or decontamination procedures were established. Recovery efficiencies traditionally have been calculated based upon biological agents which were applied to test surfaces in a liquid format and then allowed to dry prior to sampling tests, which may not be best suited for a real-world event with aerosolized biological agents. In order to ascertain if differences existed between air-dried liquid deposition and biological spores which were allowed to settle on a surface in a dried format, a study was undertaken to determine if differences existed in surface sampling recovery efficiencies for four representative surfaces. Studies were then undertaken to compare sampling efficiencies between liquid spore deposition and aerosolized spores which were allowed to gradually settle under gravity on four different test coupon types. Tests with both types of deposition compared efficiencies of four unique swabbing materials applied to four surfaces with various surface properties. Our studies demonstrate that recovery of liquid-deposited spores differs significantly from recovery of dry aerosol-deposited spores in most instances. Whether the recovery of liquid-deposited spores is overexaggerated or underrepresented with respect to that of aerosol-deposited spores depends upon the surface material being tested.

scholarly journals Muses-C as a Benchmark Mission for the S-Type Asteroid Group

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 729-729
Author(s):  
Akira Fujiwara ◽  
Masanao Abe ◽  
Hajime Yano
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Data ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Surface Material ◽  
Surface Sampling ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Near Infrared Spectra ◽  
Asteroid Surface

MUSES-C is launched in May 2003, and arrives in the vicinity of a near-Earth asteroid (25143)1998 SF36 in June 2005. The spectral type is S and its diameter is 300-600 m. During four months stay multi-band imaging, near-infrared spectra, and X-ray spectra will be taken at the nominal altitude of about 6km above the asteroid surface.. Sampling of the surface material will be made at two different locations. The total mass collected will be about 1 g. A miniature hopping lander on which imaging cameras are boarded will be dropped onto the surface. The sample will be returned to the earth in June 2007. These methods, the close-up global observation from the spacecraft, in situ observation from the lander, and detailed analysis of the returned sample, can, as well as ground-based observation of the targeted asteroid, provide information of surface material distribution in various scales, and also provide powerful benchmarks to interpretation of spectroscopic data obtained through ground-based observation of S-type asteroids.

scholarly journals Real world colour constancy - the effect of surface material

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 951-951
Author(s):  
A. Werner ◽  
L. Zebrowski
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Surface Material ◽  
Colour Constancy ◽  
Effect Of Surface

scholarly journals Sample collection from asteroid (162173) Ryugu by Hayabusa2: Implications for surface evolution

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6491) ◽  
pp. 654-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Morota ◽  
S. Sugita ◽  
Y. Cho ◽  
M. Kanamaru ◽  
E. Tatsumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Solar Heating ◽  
Space Weathering ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Surface Material ◽  
Exposed Surface ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Surface Evolution ◽  
Earth Asteroid ◽  
Short Period

The near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu is thought to be a primitive carbonaceous object that contains hydrated minerals and organic molecules. We report sample collection from Ryugu’s surface by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft on 21 February 2019. Touchdown images and global observations of surface colors are used to investigate the stratigraphy of the surface around the sample location and across Ryugu. Latitudinal color variations suggest the reddening of exposed surface material by solar heating and/or space weathering. Immediately after touchdown, Hayabusa2’s thrusters disturbed dark, fine grains that originate from the redder materials. The stratigraphic relationship between identified craters and the redder material indicates that surface reddening occurred over a short period of time. We suggest that Ryugu previously experienced an orbital excursion near the Sun.

scholarly journals NEWER BIOLOGICAL AGENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF SEVERE ASTHMA: REAL WORLD RESULTS FROM A TERTIARY REFERRAL CENTER

CHEST Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. A25
Author(s):  
Dayne Voelker ◽  
Megan Dulohery Scrodin ◽  
Kaiser Lim ◽  
Karina Keogh ◽  
Ashokakumar Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Real World ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Tertiary Referral ◽  
Tertiary Referral Center ◽  
Referral Center

scholarly journals Applications of a Turf Surrogate Surface Sampling Technique in Measuring Mercury Dry Deposition in Florida, USA

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
N. L. Hall ◽  
J. T. Dvonch ◽  
J. A. Barres ◽  
F. M. Marsik ◽  
G. J. Keeler
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Surface Sampling ◽  
Surrogate Surface

scholarly journals Standard Practice for Bulk Sample Collection and Swab Sample Collection of Visible Powders Suspected of Being Biological Agents from Nonporous Surfaces: Collaborative Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie E Locascio ◽  
Bruce Harper ◽  
Matthew Robinson ◽  
T Badar
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Bulk Sample ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Swab Sample ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Standard Practice ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sample Method

Abstract The draft ASTM Standard, Standard Practice for Bulk Sample Collection and Swab Sample Collection of Visible Powders Suspected of Being Biological Agents from Nonporous Surfaces,’’ was validated in a collaborative study consisting of 6 teams comprised of Civil Support personnel and First Responders, 2 levels of Bacillus anthracis Sterne and Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki spores, and 7 nonporous surfaces. The sample collection standard includes collection of the bulk sample (Method A) using a dry swab to push the sample onto a collection card and collection of residual sample (Method B) using an onsite test kit followed by a wet swab intended for additional onsite testing. Method A is to be performed prior to Method B in order to preserve unadulterated sample as potential criminal evidence. While statistical differences were observed between surfaces, between teams, and the interaction of surfaces and teams for the various sample types collected, these differences are due to the very low variability of the data and a much more narrow distribution than an ideal normal distribution, rather than to any practical differences. The data demonstrate that from both the 1.0 and 0.01 g powder samples, high levels of spores (mean >106 CFU) are recovered from the 7 surfaces by both the dry swab used in bulk sample collection (Method A) and the wet swab (Method B) sampling of the residual powder after bulk sample collection. Thus, after bulk sample collection, there is a high level of residual spores remaining for onsite biological testing and both Methods A and B should be performed in the field.

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