Pathogenicity Island Markers, Virulence DeterminantsmalXandusp, and the Capacity ofEscherichia coliTo Persist in Infants' Commensal Microbiotas

ABSTRACTVirulence-associated genes in bacteria are often located on chromosomal regions, termed pathogenicity islands (PAIs). Several PAIs are found inEscherichia colistrains that cause extraintestinal infections, but their role in commensal bowel colonization is unknown. Resident strains are enriched in adhesins (P fimbriae and type 1 fimbriae), capsular antigens (K1 and K5), hemolysin, and aerobactin and mostly belong to phylogenetic group B2. Here, we investigated whether six pathogenicity islands and the virulence determinantsmalXanduspare associated with fitness ofE. coliin the infant bowel microbiota.E. colistrains isolated from stools of 130 Swedish infants during the first year of life were examined for their carriage of PAI markers,malX, anduspby PCR. Carriage was related to strain persistence: long-term colonizers (≥12 months) carried significantly more of PAI II from strain CFT703 (IICFT703), IV536,and IIJ96andmalXanduspthan intermediate colonizers (1 to 11 months) and transient strains (<3 weeks). The accumulation of PAI markers in each individual strain correlated positively with its time of persistence in the colon. Phylogenetic group B2 accounted for 69% of long-term colonizers, 46% of intermediate colonizers and 14% of transient strains. These results support the hypothesis that some bacterial traits contributing to extraintestinal infections have in fact evolved primarily because they increase the fitness ofE. coliin its natural niche, the colon; accordingly, they may be regarded as fitness islands in the gut.

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CARDIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE LONG-TERM PERIOD IN CHILDREN AFTER AORTIC COARCTATION SURGERY TREATMENT IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

PEDIATRIA Journal named after G N SPERANSKY ◽

10.24110/0031-403x-2018-97-3-24-28 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 24-28

Author(s):

M.R. Tumanyan ◽

◽

A.A. Svobodov ◽

E.G. Levchenko ◽

A.G. Anderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aortic Coarctation ◽

First Year ◽

First Year Of Life

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Muenke syndrome: long-term outcome of a syndrome-specific treatment protocol

Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics ◽

10.3171/2019.5.peds1969 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 415-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bianca K. den Ottelander ◽

Robbin de Goederen ◽

Marie-Lise C. van Veelen ◽

Stephanie D. C. van de Beeten ◽

Maarten H. Lequin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Protocol ◽

First Year ◽

Ventricular Size ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Skull Growth ◽

Muenke Syndrome ◽

First Year Of Life

OBJECTIVEThe authors evaluated the long-term outcome of their treatment protocol for Muenke syndrome, which includes a single craniofacial procedure.METHODSThis was a prospective observational cohort study of Muenke syndrome patients who underwent surgery for craniosynostosis within the first year of life. Symptoms and determinants of intracranial hypertension were evaluated by longitudinal monitoring of the presence of papilledema (fundoscopy), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA; with polysomnography), cerebellar tonsillar herniation (MRI studies), ventricular size (MRI and CT studies), and skull growth (occipital frontal head circumference [OFC]). Other evaluated factors included hearing, speech, and ophthalmological outcomes.RESULTSThe study included 38 patients; 36 patients underwent fronto-supraorbital advancement. The median age at last follow-up was 13.2 years (range 1.3–24.4 years). Three patients had papilledema, which was related to ophthalmological disorders in 2 patients. Three patients had mild OSA. Three patients had a Chiari I malformation, and tonsillar descent < 5 mm was present in 6 patients. Tonsillar position was unrelated to papilledema, ventricular size, or restricted skull growth. Ten patients had ventriculomegaly, and the OFC growth curve deflected in 3 patients. Twenty-two patients had hearing loss. Refraction anomalies were diagnosed in 14/15 patients measured at ≥ 8 years of age.CONCLUSIONSPatients with Muenke syndrome treated with a single fronto-supraorbital advancement in their first year of life rarely develop signs of intracranial hypertension, in accordance with the very low prevalence of its causative factors (OSA, hydrocephalus, and restricted skull growth). This illustrates that there is no need for a routine second craniofacial procedure. Patient follow-up should focus on visual assessment and speech and hearing outcomes.

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Comparing Long‐Term Outcomes in Tracheostomy Placed in the First Year of Life

The Laryngoscope ◽

10.1002/lary.29440 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jordan R. Salley ◽

Yann‐Fuu Kou ◽

Gopi B. Shah ◽

Romaine F. Johnson

Keyword(s):

First Year ◽

Long Term Outcomes ◽

First Year Of Life

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Dog Exposure During the First Year of Life and Type 1 Diabetes in Childhood

JAMA Pediatrics ◽

10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0585 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 171 (7) ◽

pp. 663

Author(s):

Mona-Lisa Wernroth ◽

Bodil Svennblad ◽

Katja Fall ◽

Fang Fang ◽

Catarina Almqvist ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

First Year ◽

Diabetes In Childhood ◽

First Year Of Life

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Higher Ultraviolet Radiation During Early Life Reduces Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes in Boys

International Journal for Population Data Science ◽

10.23889/ijpds.v5i5.1426 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Kate Miller

Keyword(s):

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Ultraviolet Radiation ◽

Western Australia ◽

Early Life ◽

Population Based ◽

First Year ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Individual Level ◽

First Year Of Life

IntroductionThere is increasing evidence that environmental exposures may be important in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is of interest in relation to the development of T1D because of its immunoregulatory actions. Ecological studies testing the correlation between levels of UVR and T1D have shown a significant inverse relationship for both incidence and prevalence. Objectives and Approach We used large linked datasets to test ambient UVR during early life against T1D risk at the individual level. We conducted a nested case-control study using linked data from state-wide administrative datasets and NASA satellites. Cases (n=1819) were all children born in Western Australia from 1980-2014 with a diagnosis of T1D on the population-based Western Australian Children’s Diabetes Database between 0-16 years of age. Controls (n=27 259) were randomly selected from all live births in Western Australia and matched to cases on sex and date of birth. Daily UVR data from NASA satellites, that were date-and location-specific for each individual, were used to estimate total UVR dose for each trimester of pregnancy and the first year of life. ResultsConditional logistic regression showed that T1D risk was 44% lower in boys of mothers with UVR levels in the highest quartile (compared to the lowest quartile) during their third trimester of pregnancy (p=0.04). Higher UVR in the first year of life was also associated with a significantly lower risk of T1D in later childhood among boys. Among girls, there was no evidence of an association between total UVR dose and T1D risk. ConclusionHigher UVR in the third trimester and first year of life appears to interact with sex-specific factors to lower T1D risk among boys (but not girls) in Western Australia.

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EPIDEMIC DIARRHEA AMONG INFANTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ISOLATION OF A NEW SEROTYPE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI: E. COLI 0127:B8

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.16.2.215 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 215-227

Author(s):

Merlin L. Cooper ◽

Edward W. Walters ◽

Helen M. Keller ◽

James M. Sutherland ◽

Hollis J. Wiseman

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Rectal Swab ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

First Year ◽

Average Dose ◽

Clinical Value ◽

E Coli ◽

Severe Diarrhea ◽

First Year Of Life

During an outbreak of epidemic diarrhea a new serotype of Escherichia coli: E. coli 0127:B8, was isolated from 44 of 145 infants and from 1 nurse among 82 adult personnel in attendance. Among the 44 infants whose rectal swab cultures were positive, 20 were in the first month of life, 16 were 2 to 6 months of age, and 6 were 7 to 12 months of age, a total of 42 being in the first year of life. Severe epidemic diarrhea associated with the presence of E. coli 0127:B8 was characterized by the sudden development of extreme abdominal distention among some of the infants; explosive onset of diarrhea and the presence of a pungent, musty, objectionable odor not noticed around other patients with diarrhea. E. coli 0127: B8 was isolated more frequently while the patients were having diarrhea. Neomycin® was used orally for the specific treatment of patients with diarrhea. The early dosage was small due to our caution in using a new antibiotic. Over the 4 months period of this study the dosage was gradually increased. The average dose was 40 mg./kg./day for the patients with positive cultures and 46 mg./kg./day for those with negative cultures. Of 22 patients with positive cultures, 12 who were treated with Neomycin® alone or in addition to other antibiotics continued to show the presence of E. coli 0127:B8 after Neomycin® therapy had been terminated; however, only 2 of these patients had recurrence of diarrhea, both having had negative cultures while receiving Neomycin®. The administration of Neomycin® to every infant on the 2 wards, regardless of clinical condition, was followed by a decreasing incidence of diarrhea and decreasing detection of E. coli 0127:B8. The dose of Neomycin® was 40 to 50 mg./kg./day. It is our feeling that Neomycin® administered orally was of definite clinical value therapeutically and prophylactically but in the dosage used was inadequate bacteriologically. Four deaths occurred among the 44 infants whose rectal swab cultures were positive for E. coli 0127:B8 and necropsy studies were made on each. A hemorrhagic enteritis was present in 3 infants and in the fourth infant the cause of death was a congenital heart condition. Death of 1 patient with negative rectal swab cultures may very likely be attributed to severe diarrhea. Sera from patients and personnel failed to show the presence of agglutinins for E. coli 0127:B8. in vitro sensitivity tests showed that the order of decreasing bactericidal effectiveness of 5 antibiotics for E. coli 027:B8 was polymyxin, Neomycin®, chloramphenicol, Achromycin®, and Terramycin®. All strains were resistant to dihydrostreptomycin and sodium sulfadiazine. Only the last strains isolated from 2 patients showed increased resistance to Neomycin®, four-and sixteenfold when compared with the first strains isolated from the same patients.

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THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.25.6.967 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 967-976

Author(s):

R. A. Parker ◽

Carolyn F. Piel

Keyword(s):

Nephrotic Syndrome ◽

Cortical Area ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Renal Pathology ◽

Electrolyte Imbalance ◽

First Year ◽

Renal Lesions ◽

Susceptibility To Infection ◽

First Year Of Life

The clinical course of nephrosis in five infants with onset of disease before 7 months of age is presented, together with evaluation of renal lesions seen at necropsy. The problems of the management of nephrosis susceptibility to infection and water and electrolyte imbalance were found to be exaggerated by the young age of the patients. The renal pathology observed in these five infants consisted of persistence of immature glomeruli and dilatation of the tubules in the cortical area. Later, the immature glomeruli and associated tubules appear to atrophy and the remaining glomeruli to hypertrophy. Long-term adrenocorticosteroid therapy seems to be contraindicated, not only on the basis of the pathologic changes, but because it greatly exaggerates the problems of management and does not effect a remission of the disease.

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