scholarly journals Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus, a Globally Distributed Insect Virus That Infects and Sterilizes Female Houseflies

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 994-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pannipa Prompiboon ◽  
Verena-Ulrike Lietze ◽  
John S. S. Denton ◽  
Christopher J. Geden ◽  
Tove Steenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Nucleotide Sequences ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

ABSTRACT The housefly, Musca domestica, is a cosmopolitan pest of livestock and poultry and is of economic, veterinary, and public health importance. Populations of M. domestica are naturally infected with M. domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV), a nonoccluded double-stranded DNA virus that inhibits egg production in infected females and is characterized by salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) symptoms. MdSGHV has been detected in housefly samples from North America, Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and the southwestern Pacific. In this study, houseflies were collected from various locations and dissected to observe SGH symptoms, and infected gland pairs were collected for MdSGHV isolation and amplification in laboratory-reared houseflies. Differences among the MdSGHV isolates were examined by using molecular and bioassay approaches. Approximately 600-bp nucleotide sequences from each of five open reading frames having homology to genes encoding DNA polymerase and partial homology to the genes encoding four per os infectivity factor proteins (p74, pif-1, pif-2, and pif-3) were selected for phylogenetic analyses. Nucleotide sequences from 16 different geographic isolates were highly homologous, and the polymorphism detected was correlated with geographic source. The virulence of the geographic MdSGHV isolates was evaluated by per os treatment of newly emerged and 24-h-old houseflies with homogenates of infected salivary glands. In all cases, 24-h-old flies displayed a resistance to oral infection that was significantly greater than that displayed by newly eclosed adults. Regardless of the MdSGHV isolate tested, all susceptible insects displayed similar degrees of SGH and complete suppression of oogenesis.

scholarly journals Tissue tropism of the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus

2011 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena-Ulrike Lietze ◽  
Tamer Z. Salem ◽  
Pannipa Prompiboon ◽  
Drion G. Boucias
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

scholarly journals Analysis of transcripts from predicted open reading frames of Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 1270-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamer Z. Salem ◽  
Alejandra Garcia-Maruniak ◽  
Verena-U. Lietze ◽  
James E. Maruniak ◽  
Drion G. Boucias
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Putative Orfs ◽  
Single Transcript ◽  
Rapid Amplification ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

The Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) is a large dsDNA virus that infects and sterilizes adult houseflies. The transcriptome of this newly described virus was analysed by rapid amplification of cDNA 3′-ends (3′-RACE) and RT-PCR. Direct sequencing of 3′-RACE products revealed 78 poly(A) transcripts containing 95 of the 108 putative ORFs. An additional six ORFs not amplified by 3′-RACE were detected by RT-PCR. Only seven of the 108 putative ORFs were not amplified by either 3′-RACE or RT-PCR. A series of 5′-RACE reactions were conducted on selected ORFs that were identified by 3′-RACE to be transcribed in tandem (tandem transcripts). In the majority of cases, the downstream ORFs were detected as single transcripts as well as components of the tandem transcripts, whereas the upstream ORFs were found only in tandem transcripts. The only exception was the upstream ORF MdSGHV084, which was differentially transcribed as a single transcript at 1 and 2 days post-infection (days p.i.) and as a tandem transcript (MdSGHV084/085) at 2 days p.i. Transcriptome analysis of MdSGHV detected splicing in the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) and extensive heterogeneity in the polyadenylation signals and cleavage sites. In addition, 23 overlapping antisense transcripts were found. In conclusion, sequencing the 3′-RACE products without cloning served as an alternative approach to detect both 3′-UTRs and transcript variants of this large DNA virus.

scholarly journals Effects of Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus on the Reproductive Behavior of the Housefly, Musca domestica

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (21) ◽  
pp. 6811-6818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena-Ulrike Lietze ◽  
Christopher J. Geden ◽  
Patrick Blackburn ◽  
Drion G. Boucias
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Induced Signal ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

ABSTRACT Pathological studies demonstrated that the salivary gland hypertrophy virus of houseflies (MdSGHV) shuts down reproduction in infected females. The mechanism that underlay the disruption of reproduction functioned on several levels. Females infected at the previtellogenic stage did not produce eggs, reflecting a block in the gonadotropic cycle. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis of hemolymph samples demonstrated that MdSGHV infection reduced the levels of both the female-specific hexamerin and egg yolk proteins. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR data demonstrated that infection blocked hexamerin and yolk protein gene transcription. When females were allowed to develop eggs prior to infection (postvitellogenic stage), the outcome of mating attempts depended upon when mating took place. If egg-containing, virus-infected females were mated within 24 h of infection, they copulated and deposited a single batch of fertilized eggs. However, if mating was delayed for a longer period, the egg-containing females refused to copulate with healthy males. Both of these results suggested that a virus-induced signal influenced the central nervous system, shutting down female receptivity and egg production. All experiments demonstrated that MdSGHV-infected males did not display azoospermia and were fertile. Both healthy females mated with infected males, and the resulting F1 progeny were free of salivary gland hypertrophy symptoms, which suggests that the virus is not sexually or vertically transmitted.

scholarly journals Disease Dynamics and Persistence of Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus Infections in Laboratory House Fly (Musca domestica) Populations

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena-Ulrike Lietze ◽  
Christopher J. Geden ◽  
Melissa A. Doyle ◽  
Drion G. Boucias
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

ABSTRACTPast surveys of feral house fly populations have shown thatMusca domesticasalivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) has a worldwide distribution, with an average prevalence varying between 0.5% and 10%. How this adult-specific virus persists in nature is unknown. In the present study, experiments were conducted to examine short-term transmission efficiency and long-term persistence of symptomatic MdSGHV infections in confined house fly populations. Average rates of disease transmission from virus-infected to healthy flies in small populations of 50 or 100 flies ranged from 3% to 24% and did not vary between three tested geographical strains that originated from different continents. Introduction of an initial proportion of 40% infected flies into fly populations did not result in epizootics. Instead, long-term observations demonstrated that MdSGHV infection levels declined over time, resulting in a 10% infection rate after passing through 10 filial generations. In all experiments, induced disease rates were significantly higher in male flies than in female flies and might be explained by male-specific behaviors that increased contact with viremic flies and/or virus-contaminated surfaces.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Musca domestica Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus on Food Consumption in Its Adult Host, the Common House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanna Rachimi ◽  
John P Burand ◽  
Chris Geden ◽  
John G Stoffolano
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

Abstract The Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) substantially enlarges the house fly’s salivary glands and prevents or delays ovarian development in its adult host, but the effect that MdSGHV has on the house fly’s food consumption is currently unknown. Using house flies from a laboratory-reared colony, we evaluated the effect of MdSGHV infection on food consumption over a 7-d period. Both treatment (virus-infected) and control (saline-injected) flies were provided with a choice of 8% sucrose solution and 4% powdered milk solution to determine food preferences. Quantities of each solution consumed were measured every 24 h for each fly to measure food consumptions. Infected house flies were shown to consume less overall of both solutions than house flies injected with saline. The largest consumption discrepancy was seen between female house flies. Healthy female flies with developing ovaries continued to consume a sugar and protein diet, whereas infected female flies fed predominantly on a sugar diet. Additionally, infected male and female flies consumed significantly lower quantities of protein and sucrose than control flies. This suggests that MdSGHV has a negative consumption effect (e.g., hunger, starvation) on its host. Thus, differences in food consumption of infected and control flies probably represent differences in the nutritional requirements of flies resulting from viral infection.

scholarly journals Tsetse Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus: Hope or Hindrance for Tsetse Control?

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. e1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adly M. M. Abd-Alla ◽  
Andrew G. Parker ◽  
Marc J. B. Vreysen ◽  
Max Bergoin
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Tsetse Control ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

scholarly journals Prevalence of trypanosomes, salivary gland hypertrophy virus and Wolbachia in wild populations of tsetse flies from West Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele M. S. Ouedraogo ◽  
Güler Demirbas-Uzel ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Rayaisse ◽  
Geoffrey Gimonneau ◽  
Astan C. Traore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

scholarly journals Correlation between structure, protein composition, morphogenesis and cytopathology of Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry M. Kariithi ◽  
Jan W. M. van Lent ◽  
Sjef Boeren ◽  
Adly M. M. Abd-Alla ◽  
İkbal Agah İnce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Tegument Proteins ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus

The Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV) is a dsDNA virus with rod-shaped, enveloped virions. Its 190 kb genome contains 160 putative protein-coding ORFs. Here, the structural components, protein composition and associated aspects of GpSGHV morphogenesis and cytopathology were investigated. Four morphologically distinct structures: the nucleocapsid, tegument, envelope and helical surface projections, were observed in purified GpSGHV virions by electron microscopy. Nucleocapsids were present in virogenic stroma within the nuclei of infected salivary gland cells, whereas enveloped virions were located in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of infected cells appeared disordered and the plasma membranes disintegrated. Treatment of virions with 1 % NP-40 efficiently partitioned the virions into envelope and nucleocapsid fractions. The fractions were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by in-gel trypsin digestion and analysis of the tryptic peptides by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray and tandem mass spectrometry. Using the MaxQuant program with Andromeda as a database search engine, a total of 45 viral proteins were identified. Of these, ten and 15 were associated with the envelope and the nucleocapsid fractions, respectively, whilst 20 were detected in both fractions, most likely representing tegument proteins. In addition, 51 host-derived proteins were identified in the proteome of the virus particle, 13 of which were verified to be incorporated into the mature virion using a proteinase K protection assay. This study provides important information about GpSGHV biology and suggests options for the development of future anti-GpSGHV strategies by interfering with virus–host interactions.

Two viruses that cause salivary gland hypertrophy in Glossina pallidipes and Musca domestica are related and form a distinct phylogenetic clade

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Garcia-Maruniak ◽  
Adly M. M. Abd-Alla ◽  
Tamer Z. Salem ◽  
Andrew G. Parker ◽  
Verena-Ulrike Lietze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Amino Acid Identity ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Baculovirus Gene ◽  
Salivary Gland Hypertrophy

Glossina pallidipes and Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy viruses (GpSGHV and MdSGHV) replicate in the nucleus of salivary gland cells causing distinct tissue hypertrophy and reduction of host fertility. They share general characteristics with the non-occluded insect nudiviruses, such as being insect-pathogenic, having enveloped, rod-shaped virions, and large circular double-stranded DNA genomes. MdSGHV measures 65×550 nm and contains a 124 279 bp genome (∼44 mol% G+C content) that codes for 108 putative open reading frames (ORFs). GpSGHV, measuring 50×1000 nm, contains a 190 032 bp genome (28 mol% G+C content) with 160 putative ORFs. Comparative genomic analysis demonstrates that 37 MdSGHV ORFs have homology to 42 GpSGHV ORFs, as some MdSGHV ORFs have homology to two different GpSGHV ORFs. Nine genes with known functions (dnapol, ts, pif-1, pif-2, pif-3, mmp, p74, odv-e66 and helicase-2), a homologue of the conserved baculovirus gene Ac81 and at least 13 virion proteins are present in both SGHVs. The amino acid identity ranged from 19 to 39 % among ORFs. An (A/T/G)TAAG motif, similar to the baculovirus late promoter motif, was enriched 100 bp upstream of the ORF transcription initiation sites of both viruses. Six and seven putative microRNA sequences were found in MdSGHV and GpSGHV genomes, respectively. There was genome. Collinearity between the two SGHVs, but not between the SGHVs and the nudiviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes clustered both SGHVs in a single clade separated from the nudiviruses and baculoviruses. Although MdSGHV and GpSGHV are different viruses, their pathology, host range and genome composition indicate that they are related.

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