Arcobacter in Lake Erie Beach Waters: an Emerging Gastrointestinal Pathogen Linked with Human-Associated Fecal Contamination
ABSTRACTThe genusArcobacterhas been associated with human illness and fecal contamination by humans and animals. To better characterize the health risk posed by this emerging waterborne pathogen, we investigated the occurrence ofArcobacterspp. in Lake Erie beach waters. During the summer of 2010, water samples were collected 35 times from the Euclid, Villa Angela, and Headlands (East and West) beaches, located along Ohio's Lake Erie coast. After sample concentration,Arcobacterwas quantified by real-time PCR targeting theArcobacter23S rRNA gene. Other fecal genetic markers (Bacteroides16S rRNA gene [HuBac],Escherichia coli uidAgene,Enterococcus23S rRNA gene, and tetracycline resistance genes) were also assessed.Arcobacterwas detected frequently at all beaches, and both the occurrence and densities ofArcobacterspp. were higher at the Euclid and Villa Angela beaches (with higher levels of fecal contamination) than at the East and West Headlands beaches. TheArcobacterdensity in Lake Erie beach water was significantly correlated with the human-specific fecal marker HuBac according to Spearman's correlation analysis (r= 0.592;P< 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that most of the identifiedArcobactersequences were closely related toArcobacter cryaerophilus, which is known to cause gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Since human-pathogenicArcobacterspp. are linked to human-associated fecal sources, it is important to identify and manage the human-associated contamination sources for the prevention ofArcobacter-associated public health risks at Lake Erie beaches.