scholarly journals Release of Dimethylsulfide from Dimethylsulfoniopropionate by Plant-Associated Salt Marsh Fungi

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1484-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Bacic ◽  
S. Y. Newell ◽  
D. C. Yoch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Smooth Cordgrass ◽  
Secondary Product ◽  
Mitosporic Fungi ◽  
Eukaryotic Algae ◽  
Lyase Activity

ABSTRACT The range of types of microbes with dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase capability (enzymatic release of dimethylsulfide [DMS] from DMSP) has recently been expanded from bacteria and eukaryotic algae to include fungi (a species of the genus Fusarium[M. K. Bacic and D. C. Yoch, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:106–111, 1998]). Fungi (especially ascomycetes) are the predominant decomposers of shoots of smooth cordgrass, the principal grass of Atlantic salt marshes of the United States. Since the high rates of release of DMS from smooth cordgrass marshes have a temporal peak that coincides with peak shoot death, we hypothesized that cordgrass fungi were involved in this DMS release. We tested seven species of the known smooth cordgrass ascomycetes and discovered that six of them exhibited DMSP lyase activity. We also tested two species of ascomycetes from other DMSP-containing plants, and both were DMSP lyase competent. For comparison, we tested 11 species of ascomycetes and mitosporic fungi from halophytes that do not contain DMSP; of these 11, only 3 were positive for DMSP lyase. A third group tested, marine oomycotes (four species of the genera Halophytophthora andPythium, mostly from mangroves), showed no DMSP lyase activity. Two of the strains of fungi found to be positive for DMSP lyase also exhibited uptake of DMS, an apparently rare combination of capabilities. In conclusion, a strong correlation exists between a fungal decomposer’s ability to catabolize DMSP via the DMSP lyase pathway and the host plant’s production of DMSP as a secondary product.

Fungi on Juncus roemerianus. 8. New bitunicate ascomycetes

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1830-1840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kohlmeyer ◽  
Brigitte Volkmann-Kohlmeyer ◽  
Ove E. Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
New Genus ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Juncus Roemerianus

Heleiosa barbatula gen. et sp.nov., Massariosphaeria erucacea sp.nov., and Scirrhia annulata sp.nov. are described from Juncus roemerianus in salt marshes of the United States east coast. Whereas H. barbatula is very rare, the other two species do not show a seasonality because they occurred in almost every one of the monthly collections made throughout 2 years. The new genus Heleiosa is of unknown affinity but may belong to Dothideales s.l. Keywords: ascomycetes, Heleiosa, Juncus, Massariosphaeria, salt marsh, Scirrhia.

scholarly journals Pollen Geochronology from the Atlantic Coast of the United States during the Last 500 Years

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Christie ◽  
Christopher E. Bernhardt ◽  
Andrew C. Parnell ◽  
Timothy A. Shaw ◽  
Nicole S. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pollen Data ◽  
Sediment Reworking ◽  
Salt Marsh Sediment ◽  
The Impact

Building robust age–depth models to understand climatic and geologic histories from coastal sedimentary archives often requires composite chronologies consisting of multi-proxy age markers. Pollen chronohorizons derived from a known change in vegetation are important for age–depth models, especially those with other sparse or imprecise age markers. However, the accuracy of pollen chronohorizons compared to other age markers and the impact of pollen chronohorizons on the precision of age–depth models, particularly in salt marsh environments, is poorly understood. Here, we combine new and published pollen data from eight coastal wetlands (salt marshes and mangroves) along the Atlantic Coast of the United States (U.S.) from Florida to Connecticut to define the age and uncertainty of 17 pollen chronohorizons. We found that 13 out of 17 pollen chronohorizons were consistent when compared to other age markers (radiocarbon, radionuclide 137Cs and pollution markers). Inconsistencies were likely related to the hyperlocality of pollen chronohorizons, mixing of salt marsh sediment, reworking of pollen from nearby tidal flats, misidentification of pollen signals, and inaccuracies in or misinterpretation of other age markers. Additionally, in a total of 24 models, including one or more pollen chronohorizons, increased precision (up to 41 years) or no change was found in 18 models.

Drug Abuse among Military Offenders

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bascom W. Ratliff ◽  
Jerry Eads
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
United States Army ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Duty ◽  
Drug Sales ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Abuse ◽  
The Military

A survey of military offenders' drug abuse histories both prior to, and after entry on active duty was conducted at the United States Army Retraining Brigade in the fall of 1975. Results indicated that a substantial number of trainees began to abuse drugs prior to entering the military, but increased that use once on active duty. There was also a strong correlation between drug abuse and the court-martial offenses of AWOL, drug sales and possession, and disrespect. Findings clearly showed that individuals who commit offenses have substantial histories of alcohol and drug abuse.

scholarly journals A linear relationship between wave power and erosion determines salt-marsh resilience to violent storms and hurricanes

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Leonardi ◽  
Neil K. Ganju ◽  
Sergio Fagherazzi
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Marsh Erosion ◽  
Salt Marsh Erosion ◽  
General Response

Salt marsh losses have been documented worldwide because of land use change, wave erosion, and sea-level rise. It is still unclear how resistant salt marshes are to extreme storms and whether they can survive multiple events without collapsing. Based on a large dataset of salt marsh lateral erosion rates collected around the world, here, we determine the general response of salt marsh boundaries to wave action under normal and extreme weather conditions. As wave energy increases, salt marsh response to wind waves remains linear, and there is not a critical threshold in wave energy above which salt marsh erosion drastically accelerates. We apply our general formulation for salt marsh erosion to historical wave climates at eight salt marsh locations affected by hurricanes in the United States. Based on the analysis of two decades of data, we find that violent storms and hurricanes contribute less than 1% to long-term salt marsh erosion rates. In contrast, moderate storms with a return period of 2.5 mo are those causing the most salt marsh deterioration. Therefore, salt marshes seem more susceptible to variations in mean wave energy rather than changes in the extremes. The intrinsic resistance of salt marshes to violent storms and their predictable erosion rates during moderate events should be taken into account by coastal managers in restoration projects and risk management plans.

scholarly journals Salt Marsh Claviceps purpurea in Native and Invaded Spartina Marshes in Northern California

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 380-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Fisher ◽  
J. M. DiTomaso ◽  
T. R. Gordon ◽  
B. J. Aegerter ◽  
D. R. Ayres
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
San Francisco Estuary ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Northern California ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Worldwide Distribution

The fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea (subgroup G3) has a worldwide distribution on salt marsh Spartina spp. In Northern California (United States), native Spartina foliosa sustains high rates of infection by G3 C. purpurea in marshes north of the San Francisco Estuary. Invasive populations of S. alterniflora and S. alterniflora × foliosa hybrids are virtually disease free in the same estuary, although S. alterniflora is host to G3 C. purpurea in its native range (Atlantic Coast of the United States). Greenhouse inoculation experiments showed no differences in susceptibility among S. foliosa, S. alterniflora, and Spartina hybrids. Under field conditions, S. foliosa sustained a higher incidence of disease in coastal marshes than in marshes within the bay. This geographic effect may be attributable to environmental differences between the coast and the bay proper, with the former being more conducive to infection by C. purpurea. Seed set of S. foliosa spikelets was 40 to 70% lower on infected than on uninfected inflorescences, but seed germination was not affected. The C. purpurea epidemic on S. foliosa on the coast north of the San Francisco Estuary further reduces the meager competitive ability of this declining native plant species.

scholarly journals Does Innovation, Investment and Trade influence Labour Productivity? Empirical Evidence from Selected Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Cornelia Caroline
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Japan And China

Labour productivity is linked to improved living standards of a country, where higher productivity is usually seen as a competitive advantage for the country. The current study aims to identify the influence of investment, trade, and innovation on labour productivity using multi-regression. The sample involved four countries: the United States, Russia, Japan, and China. The results reveal varying degrees of relationships between labour productivity and other variables. In general, investment showed a strong correlation, trade showed a weaker relationship, and innovation showed insignificant relationship. When needed, the policymakers may consider raising labour productivity by improving investment or trade.  

Fungi from decomposing Spartina alterniflora

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert V. Gessner ◽  
R. D. Goos
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Spartina Alterniflora ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Tidal Creek ◽  
East Coast ◽  
High Tide ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dominant Plant Species

Spartina alterniflora, the dominant plant species of the tidal salt marshes on the east coast of the United States, contributes significantly to estuarine primary productivity. Energy stored by the plant is released through decomposition as detritus or decomposer biomass. The role of fungi in these transformations has not been elucidated and was investigated in the present study. Dried, dead grass was confined in nylon bags, exposed on a salt marsh and in an adjacent tidal creek in southern Rhode Island, and a quantitative and qualitative study made of the fungi found to be associated with the decomposing grass. Twenty-seven species of fungi were isolated. The average number of fungal colonies/g dry wt. of grass was found to be higher in material exposed on the salt marsh and subjected to immersion only at high tide (2436) than from material immersed in an adjacent creek (1021). The grass lost about 50% dry wt. after 6 months of exposure on the marsh.

Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation

1999 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Coastal Wetland ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Fishery Habitat

<em>Abstract</em> .—The importance of coastal wetlands to a large number of commercially important marine fish species for spawning, nursery, and foraging habitat is a commonly held belief. Few studies to substantiate this belief have been conducted in the northeastern United States. This paper examines in detail the life histories and habitat requirements of three species of fish commonly found in salt marshes in the northeastern United States. The results indicate that valuable commercial and recreational species of fish and their prey require coastal wetlands as habitat during their life cycles in New England. Coastal wetland restoration projects will increase the abundance of wetland habitat types required by commercial and recreational species of marine fish. The restoration of the salt marsh within the Galilee Bird Sanctuary in Narragansett, Rhode Island is used as case study. When enhancement of fishery habitat value is a goal of a restoration project, the project should incorporate certain design features. However, the designers of many salt-marsh restoration projects assume that reestablishment of salt-marsh vegetation will result in recolonization by other species of animals.

scholarly journals Autumnal Biomass and Potential Productivity of Salt Marsh Fungi from 29° to 43° North Latitude along the United States Atlantic Coast

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Y. Newell ◽  
Linda K. Blum ◽  
Richard E. Crawford ◽  
Ting Dai ◽  
Michele Dionne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nutrient Ratios ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Smooth Cordgrass ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
Potential Productivity

ABSTRACT It has been established that substantial amounts of fungal mass accumulate in standing decaying smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) marshes in the southeastern United States (e.g., in standing decaying leaf blades with a total fungal organic mass that accounts for about 20% of the decay system organic mass), but it has been hypothesized that in marshes farther north this is not true. We obtained samples of autumnal standing decaying smooth cordgrass from sites in Florida to Maine over a 3-year period. The variation in latitude could not explain any of the variation in the living fungal standing crop (as determined by ergosterol content) or in the instantaneous rates of fungal growth (as determined by acetate incorporation into ergosterol at a standard temperature, 20°C), which led to the conclusion that the potential levels of fungal production per unit of naturally decaying grass are not different in northern and southern marshes. Twenty-one percent of the variation in the size of the living fungal standing crop could be explained by variation in the C/N ratio (the higher the C/N ratio the smaller the fungal crop), but the C/P ratio was not related to the size of the fungal crop. Instantaneous rates of fungal growth were negatively related to the size of the living fungal crop (r = −0.35), but these rates were not correlated with C/nutrient ratios. The same two predominant species of ascomycetes (one Phaeosphaeriaspecies and one Mycosphaerella species) were found ejecting ascospores from standing decaying smooth cordgrass blades at all of the sites examined from Florida to Maine.

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