scholarly journals Analysis of Eight Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay Tests for Detection of Antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Human Serum

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 862-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah F. Talkington ◽  
Susan Shott ◽  
Michael T. Fallon ◽  
Stephanie B. Schwartz ◽  
W. Lanier Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Convalescent Phase ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Plate Type

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important etiologic agent of primary atypical pneumonia in children and adults. The diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection is commonly confirmed through serologic testing. In this study, we used paired sera from 51 patients (all with confirmed M. pneumoniae infection and positive complement fixation [CF] titers) to compare the results of eight enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) available commercially in the United States. We compared two single-use EIAs and six plate-type EIAs. Results from acute-phase sera ranged from only 7 (14%) positive by ImmunoWELL (GenBio) immunoglobulin M (IgM) EIA to 23 (45%) positive by Zeus IgG EIA. When both the acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples were examined, positive results ranged from 20 (39%) by the ImmunoWELL (GenBio) IgM assay to 45 (88%) positive by the Remel IgG-IgM EIA. In this study, the single-use EIAs by Remel and Meridian were more reliable than were the plate-type EIAs. Among the plate-type EIAs, the Zeus and DiaSorin assays (which detect antibodies to protein antigens) were more sensitive than the ImmunoWELL assay (which detects antibodies to glycolipid antigens). In general, IgG EIAs on convalescent-phase sera were more concordant with one another than were IgM EIAs with one another. Scatter plot analysis of convalescent-phase sera showed that, as the CF titer dropped, the IgM assays identified fewer positive convalescent-phase sera. In contrast, the IgG assays provided fairly consistent positive results for convalescent-phase sera with CF titers of 64 and above. Results of individual tests and overall limitations of serodiagnostics for M. pneumoniae infections are discussed.

scholarly journals Serum Antibody Responses in Children with Rotavirus Diarrhea Can Serve as Proxy for Protection

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Xu ◽  
P. Dennehy ◽  
H. Keyserling ◽  
L. E. Westerman ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Convalescent Phase ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Reliable Marker ◽  
Rotavirus Diarrhea

ABSTRACT We examined sera from 42 patients 1 to 30 months of age for rotavirus immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, IgG, and IgG subclasses and sought to determine if serum antibody could serve as a reliable marker for prediction of disease severity. Infants in the first few months of life usually had high maternal IgG titers and, when they were infected with rotavirus, had low IgM titers or no IgM in acute-phase sera and poor seroconversions 3 weeks later, suggesting that maternal antibodies had inhibited viral replication and antibody responses. All patients ≥6 months of age had IgM in acute-phase sera, indicating that IgM is a good marker for acute rotavirus infection. IgG was the best overall predictor of an infection, as the convalescent-phase sera of 81% of the patients had a fourfold rise in the IgG titer. IgA titers in convalescent-phase sera and conversion rates were higher among patients ≥12 months of age than among children younger than 12 months. IgG1 was the predominant subclass detected in the acute-phase sera of some children and in all 28 convalescent-phase serum samples examined. Patients with preexisting acute-phase IgG titers of ≥100 or ≥200 had diarrhea that was less severe or of a shorter duration. These results indicate that serum IgG is the most reliable marker for seroconversion and is a consistent proxy for protection against severe disease.

scholarly journals An Immunoblot Assay for Detection of Immunoglobulin M Antibody to Human Herpesvirus 6

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve LaCroix ◽  
John A. Stewart ◽  
Margaret E. Thouless ◽  
Jodi B. Black
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Human Herpesvirus 6 ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Immunoblot Assay ◽  
Human Serum Samples ◽  
Convalescent Phase ◽  
Phase Sample

ABSTRACT We identified the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)-dominant immunoglobulin M (IgM)-reactive virion protein as being the same 101-kDa protein (101K) previously identified as the major IgG immunoreactive protein and a specific serologic marker of HHV-6 infection. An immunoblot assay (IB) to detect HHV-6-specific IgM antibodies against the 101K protein in human serum samples was developed. The assay was validated by using acute- and convalescent-phase serum collected from children under 2 years of age in which we previously detected IgG seroconversion to the HHV-6 101K protein. Of 32 serum pairs which previously demonstrated IgG seroconversion to the 101K protein, 29 had IgM reactivity to the same protein in the acute-phase sample and the remaining 3 had reactivity in the convalescent-phase sample. We also detected HHV-6 IgM activity in sera collected from individuals ≥4 years of age who were also IgM seropositive to measles or rubella. Results of cross-adsorption studies using measles virus-, rubella virus-, and HHV-6-infected cells as the adsorbing antigen indicated no cross-reactivity between measles or rubella IgM and HHV-6 IgM in human serum samples. The IgM IB detected HHV-6-specific IgM antibody to the 101K protein in 78% (63 of 81) of tested acute-phase serum collected from young children with an undifferentiated rash illness by using a single serum dilution.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniaePneumonia in Children

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 3155-3159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti E. Waris ◽  
Pia Toikka ◽  
Taina Saarinen ◽  
Simo Nikkari ◽  
Olli Meurman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Southern Hybridization ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Convalescent Phase ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Serology Test ◽  
Time Of Admission

We evaluated a commercial immunoglobulin M (IgM)-capture immunoassay for the detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniaeinfections in 278 pediatric patients with community-acquired, radiographically defined pneumonia. Acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples were collected from all patients and were tested for M. pneumoniae-specific IgM and IgG antibodies by Platelia enzyme immunoassays (Sanofi Diagnostica Pasteur, Marnes la Coquette, France). Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were collected at the time of admission to the hospital. A total of 227 NPAs were subjected to the detection ofM. pneumoniae DNA by PCR, and 191 NPAs were cultured by using the Pneumofast kit (International Mycoplasma, Signeswere, France). Southern hybridization of PCR products and the IgM test with solid-phase antigen (Serion Immunodiagnostica, Würzburg, Germany) were used for additional confirmation of a positive result, which required agreement of at least two different methods. A total of 24 (9%) confirmed diagnoses of mycoplasma infection were made, 5 (21%) of which were in children <5 years of age. Of the positive children, 24 of 24 (sensitivity, 100%) were positive by the IgM-capture test with convalescent-phase serum, 19 of 24 (79%) were positive by the IgM-capture test with acute-phase serum, 19 of 24 (79%) were positive by IgG serology, 10 of 20 (50%) were positive by PCR, and 8 of 17 (47%) were positive by culture. An additional 5 (of 254) children were positive by the Platelia IgM test alone (specificity, 98%). When the PCR with Southern hybridization result was combined with the IgM-capture test result with the acute-phase sera, the sensitivity of rapid laboratory diagnosis increased to 95%. In conclusion, the IgM serology test was the single most valuable tool for the diagnosis ofM. pneumoniae pneumonia in children of any age.

scholarly journals Ability To Serologically Confirm Recent Zika Virus Infection in Areas with Varying Past Incidence of Dengue Virus Infection in the United States and U.S. Territories in 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole P. Lindsey ◽  
J. Erin Staples ◽  
Krista Powell ◽  
Ingrid B. Rabe ◽  
Marc Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Samoa ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Positive Results

ABSTRACTCross-reactivity within flavivirus antibody assays, produced by shared epitopes in the envelope proteins, can complicate the serological diagnosis of Zika virus (ZIKAV) infection. We assessed the utility of the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) to confirm recent ZIKAV infections and rule out misleading positive immunoglobulin M (IgM) results in areas with various levels of past dengue virus (DENV) infection incidence. We reviewed PRNT results of sera collected for diagnosis of ZIKAV infection from 1 January through 31 August 2016 with positive ZIKAV IgM results, and ZIKAV and DENV PRNTs were performed. PRNT result interpretations included ZIKAV, unspecified flavivirus, DENV infection, or negative. For this analysis, ZIKAV IgM was considered false positive for samples interpreted as a DENV infection or negative. In U.S. states, 208 (27%) of 759 IgM-positive results were confirmed to be ZIKAV compared to 11 (21%) of 52 in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), 15 (15%) of 103 in American Samoa, and 13 (11%) of 123 in Puerto Rico. In American Samoa and Puerto Rico, more than 80% of IgM-positive results were unspecified flavivirus infections. The false-positivity rate was 27% in U.S. states, 18% in the USVI, 2% in American Samoa, and 6% in Puerto Rico. In U.S. states, the PRNT provided a virus-specific diagnosis or ruled out infection in the majority of IgM-positive samples. Almost a third of ZIKAV IgM-positive results were not confirmed; therefore, providers and patients must understand that IgM results are preliminary. In territories with historically higher rates of DENV transmission, the PRNT usually could not differentiate between ZIKAV and DENV infections.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of IgM Antibody in Atypical Pneumonia Causing Pathogens by Pneumoslide, IFA

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Puneeta Singh ◽  
Shalabh Malik ◽  
Vandana Lal
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Atypical Pathogens ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Background: Atypical bacterial and viral pathogens play an important role in atypical pneumonia are responsible for one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Objective: The purpose of this study to determine the prevalence of bacterial and viral pathogens causing acute atypical pneumonia in different age groups and seasonality patterns of prevalence in India. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 680 samples tested during December 2018 to August 2019, performed at Microbiology department of Dr. Lal Path Labs. Serum samples were used for Pneumoslide IgM test diagnose 9 Atypical bacterial & viral pathogens: Legionella pneumophila (LP), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), Coxiella burnetti (COX), Chlamydophila pneumonia (CP) Adenovirus (ADV), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Influenza A (INFA), Influenza B (INFB), Parainfluenza serotypes 1,2 &3(PIVs). Results: Of a total 477(70.1%) samples were positive for atypical pneumonia pathogens. Atypical pneumonia was seen in extremes of age ie: <=5 years and >60 elderly adults without much of a gender bias. Co infections was seen in 62.1%. Legionella pneumophila (42.5%) was the dominant pathogen followed by Influenza B (41.7%) Mycoplasma pneumoniae (33.4%), Parainfluenza serotypes 1,2 &3 (29.4%) respectively. Atypical pneumonia has a spring predominance that is peaking in March. Conclusion: Among six predominant atypical pathogens, Legionella pneumophila and Influenza B was most predominant pathogens, as a causative agent of atypical pneumonia followed by Mycoplasma pneumoniae seen mostly in young (0-5 years) comparison to all age groups. Hence, Pneumoslide IgM as a multi panel test needed to ensure initiation of targeted therapy. Pneumoslide IgM, by IFA is a rapid, cost effective easy to identify & classify atypical pneumonia causing pathogens.

Multiple Factors Contribute to Positive Results for Hepatitis A Virus Immunoglobulin M Antibody

2013 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Alatoom ◽  
M. Qasim Ansari ◽  
Jennifer Cuthbert
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Order Entry ◽  
Igm Antibody ◽  
Positive Results

Context.—In the United States, a successful vaccination program for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has decreased both its incidence and the true positive rate for diagnostic immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody to HAV in acute hepatitis. Objective.—To survey positive results of HAV IgM tests and determine the effect of changing ordering options. Design.—We reviewed all positive results for IgM antibody to HAV between January 2007 and December 2010. Patient demographics, clinical history, and laboratory data were recorded and the encounter, order, and reason for test reviewed. Each result was categorized as indicating acute, recent, resolved, or indeterminate HAV infection. Results.—A total of 10 735 tests were performed; 35 patients had 49 positive results. Most positive test results were associated with outpatient visits and were ordered in the assessment of patients with liver disease, but not clinical acute hepatitis. In the final analysis, 4 patients had acute hepatitis A and 20 individual patients had recent and/or resolved hepatitis. All but 1 of the remaining 11 patients had another established cause of liver disease with a positive IgM HAV antibody test result; data to determine causality were insufficient. The total number of tests requested annually decreased more than 35% with the introduction of computerized physician order entry. Conclusions.—Current assays for IgM HAV antibodies are overused in the absence of clinical acute hepatitis; future clinical decision support may improve patterns of order entry. Most patients have findings consistent with HAV exposure but not acute hepatitis; dormant viral infection may be a continuing source of antigen.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Immunoglobulin M Antibodies to West Nile Virus and the Importance of Background Subtraction in Detecting Nonspecific Reactivity

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindy L. Rawlins ◽  
Erica M. Swenson ◽  
Harry R. Hill ◽  
Christine M. Litwin
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Background Subtraction ◽  
False Positive ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Capture Elisa ◽  
Subtraction Procedure ◽  
Positive Results

ABSTRACT Since the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) in the United States in 1999, several assays have become commercially available to detect antibodies against WNV. Capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of WNV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for clinical testing and are available from Focus Diagnostics and PanBio, Inc. The Focus Diagnostics IgM capture ELISA utilizes a background subtraction protocol in order to detect nonspecific reactivity due to rheumatoid factor, heterophile antibodies, or other interfering substances. A background subtraction procedure is not currently recommended for the PanBio IgM capture ELISA. In previous experiments, we determined the agreement, sensitivity, and specificity of the PanBio first-generation IgM capture ELISA compared to an immunofluorescence assay and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's IgM capture ELISA. The PanBio assay has since been reformulated to improve the specificity of the assay. We evaluated the reformulated PanBio assay with and without an antigen subtraction procedure and compared the results to the Focus IgM capture ELISA. Agreement, sensitivity, and specificity of the PanBio assay were, respectively, 85%, 95%, and 76% without the subtraction protocol and 94%, 95%, and 93% with the subtraction protocol. In general, when the subtraction protocol was applied to the PanBio IgM capture ELISA, there was a reduction in some, but not all, false-positive results. We suggest that all WNV IgM assays be standardized with a procedure such as background subtraction to eliminate nonspecific reactivity that may cause false-positive results.

Plasma Levels of Protein Z in Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (05) ◽  
pp. 815-822
Author(s):  
Artur Słomka ◽  
Mariusz Kowalewski ◽  
Ewa Żekanowska ◽  
Piotr Suwalski ◽  
Roberto Lorusso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Protein Z ◽  
Convalescent Phase

AbstractThe association between blood levels of protein Z (PZ) and risk of ischemic stroke remains poorly understood. We aimed to assess this potential relationship through a meta-analysis of case–control studies. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and the Cochrane Library were searched from April 1984 to April 2019. We selected case–control studies comparing PZ levels in adult patients with ischemic stroke and controls without ischemic stroke. Six case–control studies, with a total of 1,011 ischemic stroke patients and 1,128 controls, were included. Patients in the acute phase of ischemic stroke showed significantly higher levels of PZ compared with patients in the convalescent phase (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.289 mg/L; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.010, 0.569; p = 0.043). No significant differences in PZ levels were found between patients and controls in the acute phase (SMD: −0.059 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.570, 0.452; p = 0.821) or in the convalescent phase of ischemic stroke (SMD: −0.341 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.736, 0.055; p = 0.091). Subgroup analysis indicated that older patients (≥ 50 years old) had lower PZ levels than similarly aged controls. In contrast, when the study groups came from the United States and Australia or Europe no significant differences in PZ levels existed between patients and controls. No association between PZ and ischemic stroke was identified in this meta-analysis. The acute phase of ischemic stroke was associated with higher levels of PZ.

scholarly journals Lyme Disease: Diversity of Borrelia Species in California and Mexico Detected Using a Novel Immunoblot Assay

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa C. Fesler ◽  
Jyotsna S. Shah ◽  
Marianne J. Middelveen ◽  
Iris Du Cruz ◽  
Joseph J. Burrascano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Immunoblot Technique ◽  
Group 1

Background: With more than 300,000 new cases reported each year in the United States of America (USA), Lyme disease is a major public health concern. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (Bbss) is considered the primary agent of Lyme disease in North America. However, multiple genetically diverse Borrelia species encompassing the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) complex and the Relapsing Fever Borrelia (RFB) group are capable of causing tickborne disease. We report preliminary results of a serological survey of previously undetected species of Bbsl and RFB in California and Mexico using a novel immunoblot technique. Methods: Serum samples were tested for seroreactivity to specific species of Bbsl and RFB using an immunoblot method based on recombinant Borrelia membrane proteins, as previously described. A sample was recorded as seropositive if it showed immunoglobulin M (IgM) and/or IgG reactivity with at least two proteins from a specific Borrelia species. Results: The patient cohort consisted of 90 patients residing in California or Mexico who met the clinical case definition of chronic Lyme disease. Immunoblot testing revealed that 42 patients were seropositive for Bbsl (Group 1), while 56 patients were seropositive for RFB (Group 2). Eight patients were seropositive for both Bbsl and RFB species. Group 1 included patients who were seropositive for Bbss (14), B. californiensis (eight), B. spielmanii (10), B. afzelii/B. garinii (10), and mixed infections that included B. mayonii (three). Group 2 included patients who were seropositive for B. hermsii (nine), B. miyamotoi (seven), B. turicatae (nine), and B. turcica (two). In the remaining Group 1 and Group 2 patients, the exact Borrelia species could not be identified using the immunoblot technique. Conclusions: Lyme disease is associated with a diverse group of Borrelia species in California and Mexico. Current testing for Lyme disease focuses on detection of Bbss, possibly resulting in missed diagnoses and failure to administer appropriate antibiotic therapy in a timely manner. The genetic diversity of Borrelia spirochetes must be considered in future Lyme disease test development.

scholarly journals Immunoglobulin M antibody response against Mycoplasma pneumoniae lipid antigen in patients with acute pancreatitis

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
P O Leinikki ◽  
P Panzar ◽  
H Tykkä
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igm Antibody ◽  
Lipid Antigen ◽  
Serial Serum

Serial serum samples from patients with acute pancreatitis showed a significant increase in antibodies against methanol-chloroform-extracted lipid antigen from Mycoplasma pneumoniae when tested by complement fixation. The antibodies did not react with antigens prepared from other human mycoplasmas or from pancreatic tissue by lipid extraction. The antibodies were predominantly immunoglobulin M (IgM). No correlation with cold agglutinins or cardiolipid complement-fixing antibodies was found. The IgM antibody response seemed to be prolonged: after 3 to 4 weeks the antibodies were still in many cases exclusively IgM. Similar IgM responses were also found in certain cases of acute meningoencephalitis. We postulate that during the disease antigenic components identical or very similar to major determinants in the M. pneumoniae lipid antigen are revealed and elicit the IgM antibody response. Their resemblance to natural antibodies and their possible biological role is discussed.

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