scholarly journals Minimum Infective Dose of Mycobacterium bovis in Cattle

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 6467-6471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian S. Dean ◽  
Shelley G. Rhodes ◽  
Michael Coad ◽  
Adam O. Whelan ◽  
Paul J. Cockle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Infective Dose ◽  
Test Reactions ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
The Times

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to determine the minimum infective dose of Mycobacterium bovis necessary to stimulate specific immune responses and generate pathology in cattle. Four groups of calves (20 animals) were infected by the intratracheal route with 1,000, 100, 10, or 1 CFU of M. bovis. Specific immune responses (gamma interferon [IFN-γ] and interleukin-4 [IL-4] responses) to mycobacterial antigens were monitored throughout the study, and the responses to the tuberculin skin test were assessed at two times. Rigorous post mortem examinations were performed to determine the presence of pathology, and samples were taken for microbiological and histopathological confirmation of M. bovis infection. One-half of the animals infected with 1 CFU of M. bovis developed pulmonary pathology typical of bovine tuberculosis. No differences in the severity of pathology were observed for the different M. bovis doses. All animals that developed pathology were skin test positive and produced specific IFN-γ and IL-4 responses. No differences in the sizes of the skin test reactions, the times taken to achieve a positive IFN-γ result, or the levels of the IFN-γ and IL-4 responses were observed for the different M. bovis doses, suggesting that diagnostic assays (tuberculin skin test and IFN-γ test) can detect cattle soon after M. bovis infection regardless of the dose. This information should be useful in modeling the dynamics of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and in assessing the risk of transmission.

scholarly journals Modulation of Immune Responses to Mycobacterium bovis in Cattle Depleted of WC1+ γδ T Cells

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 1488-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary E. Kennedy ◽  
Michael D. Welsh ◽  
David G. Bryson ◽  
Joseph P. Cassidy ◽  
Fiona I. Forster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT It is accepted that cell-mediated immune responses predominate in mycobacterial infections. Many studies have shown that CD4+ T cells produce Th1 cytokines, such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ), in response to mycobacterial antigens and that the cytolytic activity of CD8+ cells toward infected macrophages is important. However, the extent and manner in which γδ T cells participate in this response remain unclear. In ruminants, γδ T cells comprise a major proportion of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population. We have previously shown that WC1+ γδ T cells are involved early in Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle, but their specific functions are not well understood. Here we describe an in vivo model of bovine tuberculosis in which the WC1+ γδ T cells were depleted from the peripheral circulation and respiratory tract, by infusion of WC1+-specific monoclonal antibody, prior to infection. While no effects on disease pathology were observed in this experiment, results indicate that WC1+ γδ T cells, which become significantly activated (CD25+) in the circulation of control calves from 21 days postinfection, may play a role in modulating the developing immune response to M. bovis. WC1+-depleted animals exhibited decreased antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferative response, an increased antigen-specific production of interleukin-4, and a lack of specific immunoglobulin G2 antibody. This suggests that WC1+ γδ TCR+ cells contribute, either directly or indirectly, toward the Th1 bias of the immune response in bovine tuberculosis—a hypothesis supported by the decreased innate production of IFN-γ, which was observed in WC1+-depleted calves.

scholarly journals Cellular immune response of Curraleiro Pé-duro and Nellore calves following Mycobacterium bovis-BCG vaccination

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1403-1408
Author(s):  
Mayara Fernanda Maggioli ◽  
Joyce Rodrigues Lobo ◽  
Maria Clorinda Soares Fioravanti ◽  
André Kipnis ◽  
Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Cd4 Cells ◽  
Test Reaction ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Ifn Γ

The present study aimed to assess the CD4, CD8 and γδ blood levels for Curraleiro Pé-duro, as well as the specific IFN-γ response after BCG vaccination using flow cytometry. The specific immune response against BCG was also evaluated by tuberculin skin test, performed before and 45 days after the vaccination. For comparison purposes, the same parameters were investigated on Nellore calves, an exotic bovine with resistance previously demonstrated. Naturally, Curraleiro Pé-duro animals had greater levels of CD4, CD8 and γδ lymphocytes (p<0.05). In response to vaccine, Curraleiro Pé-duro showed greater ability to respond specifically to BCG, generating resistance profile (Th1), evidenced by greater number of antigen specific CD4+ cells producing IFN-γ (p<0.05) and also higher tuberculin skin test reaction (p<0.05). Additionally, vaccinated Curraleiro Pé-duro calves had higher CD4 cells numbers than both Nellore control (p<0.05) and vaccinated groups (p<0.05). Curraleiro Pé-duro calves' higher basal lymphocytes blood level and stronger response in both IFN-γ and tuberculin skin test parameters probably play a positive role on protection/resistance to Mycobacterium bovis.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the Baixo Araguari Region, Amapá, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Silvia Minharro ◽  
Cristiane De Morais Alves ◽  
Pedro Moacyr Pinto Coelho Mota ◽  
Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles ◽  
Andréa Padilha de Alencar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Brazilian Amazonia ◽  
Great Economic Importance ◽  
River Region

Water buffalo are of great economic importance in Brazilian Amazonia, which has the largest herd in Brazil. Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic disease that results in severe losses to water buffalo production. Although the disease has already been described in the country, data on the occurrence and distribution of bovine tuberculosis in water buffalo in Brazil is very scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of bovine tuberculosis in water buffalo in the Baixo Araguari River region of Amapá, Brazil. Thirty herds, randomly selected from the 41 herds of water buffalo in the region, were sampled. From those herds, 212 randomly selected water buffalo were subjected to the comparative tuberculin skin test. The proportion of Baixo Araguari River region herds that were positive for bovine tuberculosis was 50.0% (95% CI 31.3% to 68.7%) and the proportion of animals that were positive was estimated to be 14.8% (95% CI 7.8% to 21.9%). Our results show that bovine tuberculosis is spread widely among water buffalo in the Baixo Araguari River region, which suggests that measures to control the disease should be undertaken in the region.

scholarly journals Field evaluation of Specific Mycobacterial Proteins-Based Skin Test for the Differentiation of Mycobacterium bovis-Infected and Bacillus Calmette Guerin-Vaccinated Crossbred Cattle in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berecha Bayissa ◽  
Aboma Zewude ◽  
Adane Worku ◽  
Balako Gumi ◽  
Stefan Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Test ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Test Reactions ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) challenges intensive dairy production in Ethiopia and implementation of the test and slaughter control strategy is not economically acceptable in the country. Vaccination of cattle with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) could be an important adjunct to control, which would require a diagnostic test to differentiate Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis)-infected and BCG-vaccinated animals (DIVA role). This study describes evaluation of a DIVA skin test (DST) that is based on a cocktail (DSTc) or fusion (DSTf) of specific (ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c) M. bovis proteins in Zebu-Holstein crossbred cattle in Ethiopia. The study animals used were 74 calves (35 BCG-vaccinated and 39 unvaccinated) aged less than three weeks at the start and 68 known bTB positive cows. Six weeks after vaccination, the 74 calves were tested with DSTc and the single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test. The cows were tested with DSTc and SICCT test. Reactions to DSTc were not observed in BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated calves while SICCT test reactions were detected in vaccinated calves. DSTc reactions were detected in 95.6% of the cows and single intradermal tuberculin (SIT) positive reactions were found in 98.2% (95% confidence interval, CI, 92.1–100%). The sensitivity of DSTc was 95.6% (95% CI, 87.6–99.1%), and significantly (P<0.001) higher than the sensitivity (75%, 95% CI, 63.0-84.7%) of the SICCT test at 4mm cutoff. DSTf and DSTc reactions were correlated (r = 0.75; 95% CI =0.53–0.88). In conclusion, DSTc could differentiate M. bovis-infected from BCG-vaccinated cattle in Ethiopia. DST had higher sensitivity than the SICCT test. Hence, DSTc could be used as a diagnostic tool for bTB if BCG vaccination is implemented for the control of bTB in Ethiopia and other countries.

scholarly journals The Effect ofMycobacterium aviumComplex Infections on RoutineMycobacterium bovisDiagnostic Tests

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Barry ◽  
David Corbett ◽  
Douwe Bakker ◽  
Peter Andersen ◽  
Jim McNair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Exposed Group ◽  
Infected Cattle

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is diagnosed in naturally infected populations exposed to a wide variety of other pathogens. This study describes the cell-mediated immune responses of cattle exposed toMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis(Map) andMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesaviumwith particular reference to routine antefmortemMycobacterium bovisdiagnostic tests. The IFN-γreleased in response to stimulated blood was found to peak later in the Map-exposed group and was more sustained when compared to the Maa-exposed group. There was a very close correlation between the responses to the purified protein derivatives (PPD) used for stimulation (PPDa, PPDb, and PPDj) with PPDa and PPDj most closely correlated. On occasion, in the Map-infected cattle, PPDb-biased responses were seen compared to PPDa suggesting that some Map-infected cattle could be misclassified asM. bovisinfected using this test with these reagents. This bias was not seen when PPDj was used. SICCT results were consistent with the respective infections and all calves would have been classed skin test negative.

scholarly journals Assessment of a Protein Cocktail-Based Skin Test for Bovine Tuberculosis in a Double-Blind Field Test in Cattle

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Xin ◽  
Hong Jia ◽  
Jiabo Ding ◽  
Pingjun Li ◽  
Hongjun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Relative Specificity ◽  
Release Assay ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACTBovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a worldwide zoonosis caused mainly byMycobacterium bovis.The traditional diagnostic method used often is the tuberculin skin test, which uses bovine purified protein derivatives (PPD-B). However, it is difficult to maintain uniformity of PPD-B from batch to batch, and it shares common antigens with nonpathogenic environmental mycobacteria. To overcome these problems,M. bovis-specific antigens that showed good T cell stimulation, such as CFP-10, ESAT-6, Rv3615c, etc., have been used in the skin test, but there have been no large-scale clinical studies on these antigens. In this study, two combinations (CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4 protein cocktail and CFP-10/ESAT-6/Rv3872/MPT63 protein cocktail) were developed and used as stimuli in the skin test. Cattle were double-blind tested to assess the efficiency of the protein cocktail-based skin tests. The results showed that the CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4 protein cocktail-based skin test can differentiate TB-infected cattle fromMycobacterium avium-infected ones and that it shows a high degree of agreement with the traditional tuberculin skin test (κ = 0.8536) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay (κ = 0.8154). Compared to the tuberculin skin test, the relative sensitivity and relative specificity of the CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4-based skin test were 87% and 97%, respectively., The relative sensitivity and relative specificity of the CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4-based skin test were 93% and 92%, respectively, on comparison with the IFN-γ release assay. The correlation between the increases in skin thickness observed after the inoculation of stimuli was high (PPD-B versus CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4, Spearmanrof 0.8435). The correlation between the optical density at 450 nm (OD450) obtained after blood stimulation with PPD-B and the increase in skin thickness observed after inoculation of the CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4 protein cocktail was high (Spearmanr= 0.7335). Therefore, the CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4-based skin test responses correlate to traditional measures of bovine TB evaluation, including skin test and gamma interferon release assay.

A Summary of the Third Global Interferon-γ Release Assay Symposium

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonino Catanzaro ◽  
Charles Daley
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
The Third ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Ifn Γ

Studies over the past several decades have dramatically increased our understanding of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and advances in proteomics and genomics have led to a new class of immune-diagnostic tests, termed interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs), which appear to obviate many of the problems encountered with the tuberculin skin test (TST). Worldwide, 2 IGRAs are currently commercially available. QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (Cellestis) is a third-generation product that uses an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure IFN-γ generated in whole blood stimulated with M. tuberculosis–specific antigens. T-Spot-TB (Oxford Immunotec) employs enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot technology to enumerate the number of purified lymphocytes that respond to M. tuberculosis–specific antigens by producing IFN-γ. These in vitro tests measure the host immune response to M. tuberculosis–specific antigens, which virtually eliminates false-positive cross reactions caused by bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination and/or exposure to environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria that plague the interpretation and accuracy of the tuberculin skin test (TST). The high specificity of IGRAs, together with sensitivity commensurate with or better than that of the TST, promises an accurate diagnosis and the ability to focus tuberculosis-control activities on those who are actually infected with M. tuberculosis. The Third Global Symposium was held over a 3-day period and was presented by the University of California, San Diego, Continuing Medical Education department; slides and sound recordings of each presentation are available at http://cme.ucsd.edu/igras/syllabus.html. A moderated discussion is also available at http://cme.ucsd.edu/igrasvideo. This document provides a summary of the key findings of the meeting, specifically focusing on the use of IGRAs in screening healthcare worker populations.

scholarly journals Gamma Interferon Produced by Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Regulates the Mucosal Immune Responses to Citrobacter rodentium Infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 2653-2666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Shiomi ◽  
Atsuhiro Masuda ◽  
Shin Nishiumi ◽  
Masayuki Nishida ◽  
Tetsuya Takagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Citrobacter Rodentium ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Citrobacter rodentium, a murine model pathogen for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, colonizes the surface of intestinal epithelial cells and causes mucosal inflammation. This bacterium is an ideal model for investigating pathogen-host immune interactions in the gut. It is well known that gene transcripts for Th1 cytokines are highly induced in colonic tissue from mice infected with C. rodentium. However, it remains to be seen whether the Th1 or Th2 cytokines produced by antigen-specific CD4+ T cells provide effective regulation of the host immune defense against C. rodentium infection. To investigate the antigen-specific immune responses, C. rodentium expressing ovalbumin (OVA-C. rodentium), a model antigen, was generated and used to define antigen-specific responses under gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-deficient or interleukin-4 (IL-4)-deficient conditions in vivo. The activation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and macrophage phagocytosis were evaluated in the presence of IFN-γ or IL-4 in vitro. IFN-γ-deficient mice exhibited a loss of body weight and a higher bacterial concentration in feces during OVA-C. rodentium infection than C57BL/6 (wild type) or IL-4-deficient mice. This occurred through the decreased efficiency of macrophage phagocytosis and the activation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, a deficiency in antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell-expressed IFN-γ led to a higher susceptibility to mucosal and gut-derived systemic OVA-C. rodentium infection. These results show that the IFN-γ produced by antigen-specific CD4+ T cells plays an important role in the defense against C. rodentium.

scholarly journals Development of a diagnostic compatible BCG vaccine against Bovine tuberculosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneesh Chandran ◽  
Kerstin Williams ◽  
Tom Mendum ◽  
Graham Stewart ◽  
Simon Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Antigenic Proteins ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBovine tuberculosis (BTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis remains a major problem in both the developed and developing countries. Control of BTB in the UK is carried out by test and slaughter of infected animals, based primarily on the tuberculin skin test (PPD). Vaccination with the attenuated strain of the M. bovis pathogen, BCG, is not used to control bovine tuberculosis in cattle at present, due to its variable efficacy and because it interferes with the PPD test. Diagnostic tests capable of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) have been developed that detect immune responses to M. bovis antigens absent in BCG; but these are too expensive and insufficiently sensitive to be used for BTB control worldwide. To address these problems we aimed to generate a synergistic vaccine and diagnostic approach that would permit the vaccination of cattle without interfering with the conventional PPD-based surveillance. The approach was to widen the pool of M. bovis antigens that could be used as DIVA targets, by identifying antigenic proteins that could be deleted from BCG without affecting the persistence and protective efficacy of the vaccine in cattle. Using transposon mutagenesis we identified genes that were essential and those that were non-essential for persistence in bovine lymph nodes. We then inactivated selected immunogenic, but non-essential genes in BCG Danish to create a diagnostic-compatible triple knock-out ΔBCG TK strain. The protective efficacy of the ΔBCG TK was tested in guinea pigs experimentally infected with M. bovis by aerosol and found to be equivalent to wild-type BCG. A complementary diagnostic skin test was developed with the antigenic proteins encoded by the deleted genes which did not cross-react in vaccinated or in uninfected guinea pigs. This study demonstrates the functionality of a new and improved BCG strain which retains its protective efficacy but is diagnostically compatible with a novel DIVA skin test that could be implemented in control programmes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document