scholarly journals Whole-Genome Sequences and Comparative Genomics of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Isolates from Patients with Fatal and Nonfatal Typhoid Fever in Papua New Guinea

2012 ◽  
Vol 194 (18) ◽  
pp. 5122-5123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramani Baddam ◽  
Kwai-Lin Thong ◽  
Tiruvayipati Suma Avasthi ◽  
Sabiha Shaik ◽  
Kien-Pong Yap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Native Strains

ABSTRACTMany of the developing countries of the Southeast Asian region are significantly affected by endemic typhoid fever, possibly as a result of marginal living standards. It is an important public health problem in countries such as Papua New Guinea, which is geographically close to some of the foci of endemicity in Asia. The severity of the disease varies in different regions, and this may be attributable to genetic diversity among the native strains. Genome sequence data on strains from different countries are needed to clearly understand their genetic makeup and virulence potential. We describe the genomes of twoSalmonellaTyphi isolates from patients with fatal and nonfatal cases of typhoid fever in Papua New Guinea. We discuss in brief the underlying sequencing methodology, assembly, genome statistics, and important features of the two draft genomes, which form an essential step in our functional molecular infection epidemiology program centering on typhoid fever. The comparative genomics of these and other isolates would enable us to identify genetic rearrangements and mechanisms responsible for endemicity and the differential severity of pathogenic salmonellae in Papua New Guinea and elsewhere.

Indigenous reporting of a national housing corporation

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Brown
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Local Level ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Housing Corporation ◽  
Regulatory Instruments ◽  
National Housing

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the level of reporting compliance achieved by the National Housing Corporation (NHC) of Papua New Guinea in terms of local indigenous reporting expectations. Design/methodology/approach Testing of a framework of indigenous accountability through indigenous enactments and regulations is conducted by textual analysis, which is informed by the theory of indigenous alternatives to assess the financial reporting compliance of the NHC of Papua New Guinea’s financial statements for years ending 2004-2013. Findings Documentary evidence of the state auditor reports of the NHC’s financial statements reveals that the corporation’s financial reports are not submitted for audit on a timely basis and receive disclaimed audit opinions. Despite the clear indigenous reporting expectations raised by local legislative and regulatory instruments, the NHC is unable or unwilling to provide an accurate account of their activities. Practical implications The lack of compliant reporting suggests that the planning, management and monitoring of the housing needs of residents of Papua New Guinea are compromised. There also appears merit in asking why parliament continues to fund the corporation given its difficulties in meeting local-level reporting expectations. Social implications The results have wider implications for the reporting ideologies of indigenous-run housing corporations operating in other developing countries. It might be fruitful to meet local reporting expectations before taking on the specialized reporting that accompanies introduced western-oriented policies on housing. Originality/value Accountability in relation to indigenous property management is constructed through a lens of reporting issues facing a developing country housing corporation.

Food security in Papua New Guinea: the need to go beyond “business case CSR”

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda de Paiva Duarte ◽  
Benedict Young Imbun
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Community Relations ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Corporate Social

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to canvass the views of villagers from a remote region of Papua New Guinea (PNG) on food security issues in their community and their level of satisfaction with food security initiatives provided by the extractive company that operated on their land. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative design: data gathered through 14 semi-structured, face-to-face interviews and a discussion forum with 20 villagers from Pawa. Purposive sampling. Snow-balling method of recruitment. Findings Food security was identified as a growing concern among the villagers, who also expressed dissatisfaction with the food security projects offered through the corporate social responsibility (CSR) program offered by the company operating on their land. Communication problems between company and community and lack of trust were evident. Research limitations/implications Possibility of self-selection bias among participants. The perspective of the company was under-represented. Practical implications The study highlights the need for CSR practitioners to be mindful of the importance of effective communication with local communities. Social Implications The study reveals the importance of meaningful dialogue between company and host communities, which can lead to a more efficient allocation of resources and empowerment of host communities. Originality/value The study bridges a research gap in the field of CSR in developing countries because food security, as a CSR issue in PNG communities, is under-researched. The study contributes to a better understanding of company –community relations in PNG and how these relations can be improved through a more normative approach to CSR. It also highlights the importance of empowering host communities through meaningful dialogue.

Papua New Guinea may encounter 'resource curse'

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recent Policy ◽  
Economic Outlook

Subject The economic outlook for Papua New Guinea. Significance Rating agency Moody’s on March 23 shifted Papua New Guinea (PNG) to 'negative watch', a further indication of the economic challenges facing the re-elected Peter O’Neill government as it prepares to host the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in November this year. PNG in February suffered its largest earthquake for nearly a century in areas surrounding the largest resource projects in the country. Impacts Despite a planned major expansion in LNG production, recent policy decisions suggest a troubled business environment. Reversals in economic policy, combined with the earthquake, will further depress GDP growth. Prime Minister Peter O’Neill is weaving together a large coalition which should cement his position until at least after APEC. Foreign exchange shortages will harm growth and discourage investment, due to fears that firms cannot pay dividends to foreign shareholders.

Papua New Guinea's economy is set to weaken

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Macroeconomic Policy ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Investor Confidence ◽  
Economic Outlook

Subject The economic outlook for Papua New Guinea. Significance The outlook for the leading commodity exports from Papua New Guinea (PNG) -- natural gas, oil and gold -- remains positive, but by most counts the economy is deteriorating and will worsen as Asia’s aggregate demand for resource commodities falls. Impacts The new government may pass legislation to obtain higher returns to PNG from foreign investment. Perceived corruption and declining governance will directly damage investor confidence. As financial and economic pressures mount, there may well be changes in macroeconomic policy.

New leader in Papua New Guinea raises risk for firms

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Content Type

Headline PAPUA NEW GUINEA: New leader raises risk for investors

Re-evaluation of the widal agglutination test in response to the changing pattern of typhoid fever in the highlands of Papua New Guinea

Acta Tropica ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Clegg ◽  
M. Passey ◽  
M. Omena ◽  
K. Karigifa ◽  
N. Suve
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Agglutination Test

scholarly journals The burden of presumed tuberculosis in hospitalized children in a resource-limited setting in Papua New Guinea: a prospective observational study

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 374-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Villa Watch ◽  
Jimmy Aipit ◽  
Tina Kote-Yarong ◽  
Allanie Rero ◽  
John W Bolnga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Fatality Rate

Abstract Background In Papua New Guinea, TB is considered to be a major public health problem, but little is known about the prevalence and prognosis of presumed TB in children. Methods As part of a prospective hospital-based surveillance on the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, the authors investigated the admission prevalence and case fatality rate associated with presumed TB over a 6-year period (2011–2016). All children admitted who were diagnosed with TB were followed-up until discharge or death. Results Of 8992 paediatric admissions, 734 patients (8.2%) were diagnosed with presumed TB and there were 825 deaths, with TB accounting for 102 (12.4%). Extrapulmonary TB was the final diagnosis in 384 admissions {prevalence 4.3% [384/8992 (95% CI 3.9–4.7)]} with a case fatality rate of 21.4% [82/384 (95% CI 17.4–25.9)]. TB meningitis, disseminated TB and pericardial TB had high case fatality rates of 29.0% (53/183), 28.9% (11/38) and 25% (4/16), respectively. Severe malnutrition was more common in patients with pulmonary compared with extrapulmonary TB (25.4% vs 15.6%; p<0.01). Conclusions Improved community-based case detection strategies, routine BCG vaccinations and other effective forms of TB control need revitalization and sustainability to reduce the high case fatality rates associated with childhood TB in Papua New Guinea.

scholarly journals The clinical and public health problem of relapse despite primaquine therapy: case review of repeated relapses of Plasmodium vivax acquired in Papua New Guinea

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Joan H Ingram ◽  
Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam ◽  
Saraswati Soebianto ◽  
Rintis Noviyanti ◽  
J Baird
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Case Review

scholarly journals Whole genome sequence analysis of Salmonella Typhi in Papua New Guinea reveals an established population of genotype 2.1.7 sensitive to antimicrobials.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Anne Dyson ◽  
Elisheba Malau ◽  
Paul F Horwood ◽  
Rebecca Ford ◽  
Valentine Siba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Whole Genome

Background: Typhoid fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, remains a considerable public health threat in impoverished regions within many low- and middle-income settings. However, we still lack a detailed understanding of the emergence, population structure, molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and transmission dynamics of S. Typhi across many settings, particularly throughout the Asia-Pacific islands. Here we present a comprehensive whole genome sequence (WGS) based overview of S. Typhi populations circulating in Papua New Guinea (PNG) over 30 years. Principle findings: Bioinformatic analysis of 86 S. Typhi isolates collected between 1980-2010 demonstrated that the population structure of PNG is dominated by a single genotype (2.1.7) that appears to have emerged in the Indonesian archipelago in the mid-twentieth century with very limited evidence of inter-country transmission. Genotypic and phenotypic data demonstrated that the PNG S. Typhi population appears to be susceptible to former first line drugs for treating typhoid fever (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole), as well as fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, and macrolides. PNG genotype 2.1.7 was genetically conserved, with very few deletions, and no evidence of plasmid or prophage acquisition. Genetic variation among this population was attributed to either single point mutations, or homologous recombination adjacent to repetitive ribosomal RNA operons. Significance: Antimicrobials remain an effective option for the treatment of typhoid fever in PNG, along with other intervention strategies including improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) related infrastructure and potentially the introduction of Vi-conjugate vaccines. However, continued genomic surveillance is warranted to monitor for the emergence of AMR within local populations, or the introduction of AMR associated genotypes of S. Typhi in this setting.

Papua New Guinea economy set to 'muddle down'

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
Content Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Outlook

Subject The political and economic outlook for Papua New Guinea. Significance Despite combined GDP growth of nearly 20% over the last two years, the fall in commodity prices has exposed the downside risks in the government's economic strategy and seriously damaged its political credibility. A government cash crisis driven by a 20% fall in expected revenues in 2015 is fracturing the country's politics. Papua New Guinea (PNG) has a history of getting through crises, although this has usually involved a changing of the prime minister and an IMF programme. Impacts The government budget crisis and foreign exchange shortages will hurt growth in 2016. There is a risk of forced sale of foreign-owned businesses and land. Foreign exchange shortages may be the greatest risk to businesses.

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