scholarly journals Etiology of Acute Gastroenteritis in Hospitalized Children in Melbourne, Australia, from April 1980 to March 1993

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme L. Barnes ◽  
Eric Uren ◽  
Kerrie B. Stevens ◽  
Ruth F. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Enteric Pathogen ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Enteric Adenovirus ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Long Term Studies

Acute infectious diarrhea is common in children. Control requires knowledge of causes. Few comprehensive long-term studies of etiology have been undertaken in developed countries. This report is of a 13-year survey of 4,637 children from 0 to 14 years of age, admitted to a large children’s hospital for treatment of gastroenteritis, in which viruses, bacteria, and parasites were sought. A recognized enteric pathogen was identified in 56.6% of children. Group A rotaviruses occurred in 39.6% of children overall and in 55% of children 12 to 23 months of age. They were a frequent cause (18.7%) of acute gastroenteritis in children under 6 months and in those aged 5 to 13 years (16%). Rotaviruses were almost entirely responsible for winter admission peaks. Enteric adenovirus types 40 and 41 (6% overall) were more frequent in children under 12 months (9.4%).Salmonella spp. (5.8%) and Campylobacter jejuni (3.4%) were more common in children over 5 years (13.1% and 6.7%, respectively). The 43.5% of cases (60% in children under 6 months) where no enteric pathogen was identified are cause for concern. The involvement of small viruses (including caliciviruses and astroviruses) may be clarified when molecular biology techniques are utilized to address this gap in our knowledge. This comprehensive 13-year study of the cause of acute infectious diarrhea in children in developed countries reinforces the importance of rotavirus and highlights a large group for whom the etiology remains unknown, an issue of particular concern with babies under 6 months of age. New techniques have the potential to identify old and new pathogens causing disease in these vulnerable infants.

scholarly journals The molecular epidemiology of rotavirus strains causing gastroenteritis in infant in the region of Mid Iraq

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
W. S. Abood
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽  
Genetic Assessment

Rotavirus diarrhea is a leading cause of child death. It is a major concern in developing and developed countries. In Iraq, few studies and analysis were executed for genetic assessment of rotavirus.The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of rotavirus caused gastroenteritis and identify the distribution of the circulating G and P types of rotavirus among infants admitted to the hospital or treated as outpatients in three governorates in the region of Mid-Iraq for symptoms of gastroenteritis.This study was undertaken during the period from June 2010 to April 2012 in infants under 1 year suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Group A rotaviruses were detected in stools by latex agglutination test and genotyped using semi nested multiplex reverse transcription PCRs with type-specific primers on the basis of their outer capsid proteins.Of the 348 stool specimens from infants with acute gastroenteritis, 42.45% were positive for rotavirus A. The predominant G type was G1 (48.57%), followed by G2 (22.14%), G9 (11.42%), G3 (2.14%), G4 (0.71%). Only P [8] (61.4%), P [4] (11.4%) and P [6] (5.7%) genotypes were found. Infants of 9 and 10 months of age were most frequently affected. The prevalence of rotavirus infection peaked in the Autumn season, when temperatures were low, and decreased in summer. Epidemiological knowledge of rotavirus is critical for the development of effective preventive measures, including vaccines. These data will help to make informed decisions as to whether rotavirus vaccine should be considered for inclusion in Iraqi National Immunization Program.

scholarly journals The Effect of ABO Blood Types on Periodontal Status

2007 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Turgut Demir ◽  
Adnan Tezel ◽  
Recep Orbak ◽  
Abubekir Eltas ◽  
Cankat Kara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Dental Health ◽  
Abo Blood Groups ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Periodontal Condition ◽  
Group A ◽  
Long Term Studies

ABSTRACTObjectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there was a relationship between periodontal diseases and ABO blood groups.Methods: This epidemiological study was carried out on 1351 subjects who were randomly selected from individuals referred to the Faculty of Dentistry clinics for periodontal treatment or for other reasons regarding dental health. The study based on periodontal condition, blood group, and medical history. The subjects were divided into three groups as those with gingivitis, periodontitis, and the healthy ones. The effects of blood subgroups on periodontal health, gingivitis and periodontitis were investigated separately.Results: A relatively higher percentage of A group patients was found in gingivitis group and relatively higher percentage of O group patients was found in periodontitis group. A significant relationship was also determined between Rh factor and gingivitis.Conclusions: ABO blood subgroups and Rh factor may constitute a risk factor on the development of periodontal disease. However, long-term studies are needed to make a more comprehensive assessment of the effects of ABO group on periodontal diseases. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:139-143)

scholarly journals A relationship between causative agents of infectious diarrhea and fatal outcomes in pre-school children

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 752-762
Author(s):  
A. T. Podkolzin ◽  
T. A. Kozhakhmetova ◽  
D. Kh. Kyasova ◽  
Z. Kh. Dalelova ◽  
K. V. Kuleshov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Autopsy Material ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A

Infectious diarrhea is one of the leading causes of fatal outcomes in young children. Differential diagnostics of such infections within the first hours of illness poses significant objective obstacles. Data from laboratory studies of autopsy material and pathological studies provide valuable information for understanding the spectrum of differential diagnostics and etiological structure of infectious diarrhea with fatal outcomes in young children. Materials and methods. There were analyzed 100 cases of fatal outcomes in children under the age of six years registered in Russia from November 2011 to December 2019, who was diagnosed with infectious diarrhea at different levels of the healthcare system. The data were assessed based on available medical case reports and the laboratory testing of autopsy samples performed by using nucleic acid amplification methods. Results. The diagnosis of infectious diarrhea was revised in 24 patients, based on the data of a set of intravital and post-mortem studies. In patients with unconfirmed diagnosis of acute intestinal infections, pneumonia was the most often detected — in 45.8% (11/24), sepsis — in 29.2% (7/24), meningitis/meningoencephalitis, acute surgical pathology and asphyxiation associated with vomit aspiration — in 16.7 % (4/24) cases. The causative agents of infectious diarrhea were identified in 71 of 76 patients with confirmed diagnosis of acute intestinal infections. Most prevalent were group A rotaviruses — 52.6% (40/76), group F adenoviruses — 17.1% (13/76), and noroviruses — 13.2% (10/76). Combination of pathogens was detected in 29 cases (38.2%). Prehospital lethal outcomes in patients with infectious diarrhea were observed in 17 cases (22.4%). In total, rate of neonatal deaths due to acute intestinal infections accounted for 62.2% and 2-year-old toddlers — 20.3%. 64 of 76 (84%) children had no unfavorable premorbid background. The most common pathologies associated with infectious diarrhea with developing fatal outcomes were pneumonia (including aspiration pneumonia) in 22.4% (17/76) and aspiration asphyxia in 6.6% (5/76). Hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with diarrhea was diagnosed in 7.9% (6/76) of children. Conclusions. Within the first years of life children comprise a risk group for developing fatal outcomes during infectious diarrhea. Lack of unfavorable premorbid background should not be considered as a reliable positive prognostic criterion. Diagnostics of pneumonia should be included in the mandatory examination plan for children with severe infectious diar rhea. Based on study of clinical and autopsy material, group A rotaviruses were the lead causative agents among those resulting in infectious diarrhea with fatal outcomes in young children. Special attention should be paid to preventing vomit aspiration within the first days after disease onset.

scholarly journals Group A rotavirus surveillance before vaccine introduction in Italy, September 2014 to August 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Ianiro ◽  
Roberto Micolano ◽  
Ilaria Di Bartolo ◽  
Gaia Scavia ◽  
Marina Monini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Glycoprotein G ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A

Introduction Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children, causing ca 250,000 deaths worldwide, mainly in low-income countries. Two proteins, VP7 (glycoprotein, G genotype) and VP4 (protease-sensitive protein, P genotype), are the basis for the binary RVA nomenclature. Although 36 G types and 51 P types are presently known, most RVA infections in humans worldwide are related to five G/P combinations: G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8]. Aim This study aimed to characterise the RVA strains circulating in Italy in the pre-vaccination era, to define the trends of circulation of genotypes in the Italian paediatric population. Methods Between September 2014 and August 2017, after routine screening in hospital by commercial antigen detection kit, 2,202 rotavirus-positive samples were collected in Italy from children hospitalised with AGE; the viruses were genotyped following standard European protocols. Results This 3-year study revealed an overall predominance of the G12P[8] genotype (544 of 2,202 cases; 24.70%), followed by G9P[8] (535/2,202; 24.30%), G1P[8] (459/2,202; 20.84%) and G4P[8] (371/2,202; 16.85%). G2P[4] and G3P[8] genotypes were detected at low rates (3.32% and 3.09%, respectively). Mixed infections accounted for 6.49% of cases (143/2,202), uncommon RVA strains for 0.41% of cases (9/2,202). Conclusions The emergence of G12P[8] rotavirus in Italy, as in other countries, marks this genotype as the sixth most common human genotype. Continuous surveillance of RVA strains and monitoring of circulating genotypes are important for a better understanding of rotavirus evolution and genotype distribution, particularly regarding strains that may emerge from reassortment events.

Varicose veins: A critical review of the definition and the therapeutical options

VASA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 344-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanneret ◽  
Karatolios
Keyword(s):  
Varicose Vein ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Vein Disease ◽  
Therapeutical Options ◽  
Long Term Studies

This review intends to give an overview of the present therapeutic options for varicose vein disease. The definition of varicose vein disease and its recurrence are made and discussed with new aspects including duplexsonography assessment. All therapeutic approaches have developed and refined their treatment modalities, the open surgical as well as the endovenous techniques. In particular the “new” endovenous techniques are described with regard to safety and outcome, the published literature in this respect is summarized. The studies comparing the different techniques are listed, the prospective long term studies comparing the new techniques with the so called gold standard (open surgery) shall decide on the fate of the different techniques.

scholarly journals Transfection of exogenous rotavirus rearranged RNA segments in cells infected with a WT rotavirus results in subsequent gene rearrangements

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 2089-2098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Duponchel ◽  
Cécile Troupin ◽  
Lan Trang Vu ◽  
Aurélie Schnuriger ◽  
Germain Trugnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Gene Rearrangements ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
Bovine Strain ◽  
The Family ◽  
Viral Progeny ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A

Group A rotaviruses, members of the family Reoviridae, are a major cause of infantile acute gastroenteritis. The rotavirus genome consists of 11 dsRNA segments. In some cases, an RNA segment is replaced by a rearranged RNA segment, which is derived from its standard counterpart by partial sequence duplication. It has been shown that some rearranged segments are preferentially encapsidated into viral progenies after serial passages in cell culture. Based on this characteristic, a reverse genetics system was used previously to introduce exogenous segment 7 rearrangements into an infectious rotavirus. This study extends this reverse genetics system to RNA segments 5 and 11. Transfection of exogenous rotavirus rearranged RNA segment 5 or 11 into cells infected with a WT helper rotavirus (bovine strain RF) resulted in subsequent gene rearrangements in the viral progeny. Whilst recombinant viruses were rescued with an exogenous rearranged segment 11, the exogenous segment was modified by a secondary rearrangement. The occurrence of spontaneous rearrangements of WT or exogenous segments is a major hindrance to the use of this reverse genetics approach.

Phylogenetic analysis of probable Non-human genes of group A rotaviruses isolated from children with acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 1993-2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Régis Piloni Maestri ◽  
Jane Haruko Lima Kaiano ◽  
Darivaldo Luz Neri ◽  
Luana da Silva Soares ◽  
Sylvia de Fatima dos Santos Guerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A

scholarly journals Co-Infection by Waterborne Enteric Viruses in Children with Gastroenteritis in Nepal

Healthcare ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarmila Tandukar ◽  
Jeevan Sherchand ◽  
Surendra Karki ◽  
Bikash Malla ◽  
Rajani Ghaju Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stool Samples

Enteric viruses are highly contagious and a major cause of waterborne gastroenteritis in children younger than five years of age in developing world. This study examined the prevalence of enteric virus infection in children with gastroenteritis to identify risk factors for co-infections. In total, 107 stool samples were collected from patients with acute gastroenteritis along with samples of their household drinking water and other possible contamination sources, such as food and hand. The presence of major gastroenteritis-causing enteric virus species (group A rotaviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and noroviruses of genogroup I) in stool and water samples was examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Among the 107 stool samples tested, 103 (96%) samples contained at least one of the four tested enteric viruses, and the combination of group A rotaviruses and enteroviruses was the most common co-infection (52%, n = 54/103). At least one viral agent was detected in 16 (16%) of 103 drinking water samples. Identical enteric viruses were detected in both the stool and water samples taken from the same patients in 13% of cases (n = 13/103). Group A rotaviruses were most frequently found in children suffering from acute diarrhea. No socio-demographic and clinical factors were associated with the risk of co-infection compared with mono-infection. These less commonly diagnosed viral etiological agents in hospitals are highly prevalent in patients with acute gastroenteritis.

Molecular analysis of group A rotaviruses detected in adults and adolescents with severe acute gastroenteritis in Italy in 2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Ianiro ◽  
Roberto Delogu ◽  
Paolo Bonomo ◽  
Lucia Fiore ◽  
Franco M Ruggeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A

scholarly journals Prevalence and Distribution of Rotavirus Genotypes Among Children With Acute Gastroenteritis in Areas Other Than Java Island, Indonesia, 2016–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rury Mega Wahyuni ◽  
Takako Utsumi ◽  
Zayyin Dinana ◽  
Laura Navika Yamani ◽  
Juniastuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Group A Rotaviruses ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stool Samples

Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis, which is often associated with severe symptoms in children under 5 years old. Genetic reassortments and interspecies transmission commonly occur, resulting in a great diversity of RVA circulating in the world. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and distribution of RVA genotypes among children in Indonesia over the years 2016–2018 across representative areas of the country. Stool samples were collected from 202 pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in three regions of Indonesia (West Nusa Tenggara, South Sumatra, and West Papua) in 2016–2018. Rotavirus G and P genotypes were determined by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and direct sequencing analysis. The prevalences of RVA in South Sumatra (55.4%) and West Papua (54.0%) were significantly higher than that in East Java (31.7%) as determined in our previous study. The prevalence in West Nusa Tenggara (42.6%) was the lowest among three regions, but higher than that in East Java. Interestingly, equine-like G3 rotavirus strains were found as predominant strains in South Sumatra in 2016 and in West Papua in 2017–2018. Moreover, the equine-like G3 strains in South Sumatra detected in 2016 were completely replaced by human G1 and G2 in 2018. In conclusion, RVA infection in South Sumatra and West Papua was highly endemic. Equine-like G3 strains were also spread to South Sumatra (West Indonesia) and West Papua (East Indonesia), as well as Java Island. Dynamic change in rotavirus genotypes from equine-like G3 to human genotypes was also observed. Continuous monitoring may be warranted in isolated areas in Indonesia.

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