scholarly journals Antigenic and Molecular Characterization of Wild Type 1 Poliovirus Causing Outbreaks of Poliomyelitis in Albania and Neighboring Countries in 1996

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1912-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Fiore ◽  
D. Genovese ◽  
E. Diamanti ◽  
S. Catone ◽  
B. Ridolfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Human Sera

Mass vaccination has led poliomyelitis to become a rare disease in a large part of the world, including Western Europe. However, in the past 20 years wild polioviruses imported from countries where polio is endemic have been responsible for outbreaks in otherwise polio-free European countries. We report on the characterization of poliovirus isolates from a large outbreak of poliomyelitis that occurred in Albania in 1996 and that also spread to the neighboring countries of Yugoslavia and Greece. The epidemics involved 145 subjects, mostly young adults, and caused persisting paralysis in 87 individuals and 16 deaths. The agent responsible for the outbreak was isolated from 74 patients and was identified as wild type 1 poliovirus by both immunological and molecular methods. Sequence analysis of the genome demonstrated the involvement of a single virus strain throughout the epidemics, and genotyping analysis showed 95% homology of the strain with a wild type 1 poliovirus strain isolated in Pakistan in 1995. Neutralization assays with both human sera and monoclonal antibodies were performed to analyze the antigenic structure of the epidemic strain, suggesting its peculiar antigenic characteristics. The presented data underline the current risks of outbreaks due to imported wild poliovirus and emphasize the need to improve vaccination efforts and also the need to implement surveillance in countries free of indigenous wild poliovirus.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis of wild-type 1 polioviruses isolated during the final period of transmission in Turkey

2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591-1595
Author(s):  
Etem Özkaya ◽  
Hiroaki Ishiko ◽  
Rika Miura ◽  
Yasushi Shimada ◽  
Iffet Alaeddinoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
World Health ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The World

The last poliomyelitis case associated with a wild poliovirus in Turkey occurred in November 1998. This was the last known case of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by indigenous wild poliovirus in the World Health Organization's European Region. This study investigated the genetic relationships of wild-type 1 polioviruses at the latest period of transmission. A phylogenetic tree was constructed on the basis of the VP1/2A sequence from 14 wild-type 1 polioviruses isolated from Turkey in 1994–1998, along with those from other areas of the world. The Turkey isolates in the latest period of transmission were closely related to each other, forming a cluster distinct from other strains. The results showed that these viruses had been spreading indigenously in the eastern and south-eastern parts of Turkey, and ceased transmission there during 1998. This finding serves as a reference for future poliovirus surveillance both in Turkey and worldwide.

scholarly journals Responses to Apocalypse: Early Christianity and Extinction Rebellion

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Cullan Joyce
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Early Christianity ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Community Strategies ◽  
Cultural Movement

The Extinction Rebellion (XR) movement has grown rapidly in the past two years. In popular media, XR has sometimes been described using religious terminology. XR has been compared to an eco-cult, a spiritual and cultural movement, and described as holding apocalyptic views. Despite XR lacking the distinctive religiosity of new testament and early (pre-150ACE) Christianity, the movement resonates with the early Christian experience in several ways. (1) A characterization of events within the world as apocalyptic. (2) Both feel vulnerable to the apocalypse in specific ways, though each responds differently. (3) Both experience the apocalypse as a community and develop community strategies in response to the apocalypse. The paper sketches certain features of new testament Christianity and compares some of these to XR. The main difference between the two movements is that XR makes decisions to actively become vulnerable, whereas new testament Christianity was more often passively vulnerable. Elements of new testament Christianity provide a context for understanding XR as a response to an apocalypse.

Western Europe and Scandinavia

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Brockliss
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Childhood Studies ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

Childhood in western Europe is obviously a vast topic, and this entry will approach it historically and largely chronologically. The study of childhood is still relatively new, and historians have sometimes struggled to construct a history of childhood, with very few firsthand accounts and limited archives. So many children left very few traces of their lives, and historians have had to piece together their history, not from diaries or archives but from court reports, visual representations, and childcare manuals. They have had to struggle to recapture the world of childhood in eras prior to 1800, when sources are especially limited. They, like others interested in childhood studies, have had to address the issue of how to define a child and what childhood is. They have had to contemplate the different historical meanings of the word child prior to 1600 and to resist the temptation to believe that childhood has inevitably improved through the centuries. They have also had to become aware of the dangers of historicizing a phenomenon that has few stable parameters and, in some cultures, may not even exist at all. In several languages there is no word for child; even in English, the word has drastically shifted its meaning over the centuries. These shifts need to be historicized in order to see both the continuities and the discontinuities between the past and the present that suggest that childhood has always been a time of suffering; children have always been the victims of perilous disease, parental neglect, government policy, war, etc. Concurrently, children have also always been the hope of the future, the focus of special love and attention. A historical perspective on European childhoods brings this insight into sharp focus.

scholarly journals A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-428
Author(s):  
Sofia Mutlu-Numansen ◽  
Marinus Ossewaarde
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Diasporic Communities

Abstract This article analyzes how Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean communities in Western Europe organize their struggle for Sayfo (genocide) recognition and how narratives of the past are enacted in their campaign. The year 2015 provided a unique opportunity to study such diasporic communities’ strategic uses of the past. Hundreds of centenary commemorations were organized all over the world. The authors have selected three that illustrate how the Sayfo recognition campaign was organized, and how its practitioners strategically use the past in their efforts.

Industrialization, Hubs, and Catch-up

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Deepak Nayyar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The World ◽  
Catch Up

This chapter analyses the striking changes in the geographical distribution of manufacturing production amongst countries and across continents since 1750, a period that spans more than two-and-a-half centuries, which could be described as the movement of industrial hubs in the world economy over time. Until around 1820, world manufacturing production was concentrated in China and India. The Industrial Revolution, followed by the advent of colonialism, led to deindustrialization in Asia and, by 1880, Britain became the world industrial hub that extended to northwestern Europe. The United States surpassed Britain in 1900, and was the dominant industrial hub in the world until 2000. During 1950 to 2000, the relative, though not absolute, importance of Western Europe diminished, and Japan emerged as a significant industrial hub, while the other new industrial hub, the USSR and Eastern Europe, was short lived. The early twenty-first century, 2000–2017, witnessed a rapid decline of the United States, Western Europe, and Japan as industrial hubs, to be replaced largely by Asia, particularly China. This process of shifting hubs, associated with industrialization in some countries and deindustrialization in other countries in the past, might be associated with premature deindustrialization in yet other countries in the future.

The Franco—German Boundary of 1871

1950 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hartshorne
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
State System ◽  
Western State ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northeastern France ◽  
International Boundary ◽  
The One ◽  
Single Boundary

In the history of wars and diplomacy in the Western state system of the past several centuries, the most important single boundary is surely that of northeastern France. Since the unification of both Germany and Italy in the last century, the one territorial problem within western Europe that has most seriously endangered the peace of Europe and the world is that of Alsace-Lorraine. While the Germans regarded the annexation of 1871 as a restoration of areas once a part of Germany, they did not return to any previously established boundary, but rather created one that was newly drawn for the purpose. What factors influenced them to place the boundary—the international boundary from 1871 to 1919—precisely where they did place it?

Can rodent models of diabetic kidney disease clarify the significance of early hyperfiltration?: recognizing clinical and experimental uncertainties

2007 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Z. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Single Nephron

In the past, hyperfiltration and increased glomerular capillary pressure have been identified as important determinants of the development of DN (diabetic nephropathy). Recently, some basic research and clinical reviews on DN have omitted identifying hyperfiltration as an important risk factor. At the same time, different rodent models of DN have been described without and with documented hyperfiltration. In the present review, the importance of hyperfiltration is reassessed, reviewing key clinical and research studies, including the first single nephron studies in a mouse model of DN. From clinical studies of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is clear that many patients do not have early hyperfiltration and, even when present, its contribution to subsequent DN remains uncertain. Key mechanisms underlying hyperfiltration in rodent models are reviewed. Findings on intrarenal NO metabolism and the control of single-nephron GFR (glomerular filtration rate) in rodent models of DN are also presented. Characterization of valid experimental models of DN should include a careful delineation of the absence or presence of early hyperfiltration, with special efforts made to establish the specific role hyperfiltration may play in the emergence of DN.

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