scholarly journals Newly Recognized Herpesvirus Causing Malignant Catarrhal Fever in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1313-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Neil Dyer ◽  
Janice Keller ◽  
Timothy B. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Polymerase Gene ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Dna Fragment ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Viral Sequences

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was diagnosed by clinical signs and lesions in five out of six white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a North American zoo. The clinical signs and histopathological lesions in these deer were typical of MCF. Antibody to an epitope conserved among the MCF viruses was detected in the sera collected from the deer. PCR failed to amplify viral sequences from DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and/or spleens of the deer with primers specific for ovine herpesvirus 2 (OHV-2) or specific for alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AHV-1). By using degenerate primers targeting a conserved region of a herpesviral DNA polymerase gene, a DNA fragment was amplified from the PBL or spleens of all six deer and sequenced. Alignment of the sequences demonstrated that the virus in the deer belongs to the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, exhibiting 82% identity to OHV-2, 71% to AHV-1, and 60% to a newly identified bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus. This virus, which causes classical MCF in white-tailed deer, is a newly recognized agent belonging to the MCF group of gammaherpesviruses. It is the third reported pathogenic MCF virus, genetically distinct but closely related to OHV-2 and AHV-1. The reservoir for the virus has not been identified.

scholarly journals Malignant Catarrhal Fever-like Disease in Sheep after Intranasal Inoculation with Ovine Herpesvirus-2

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Donal O'Toole ◽  
Okjin Kim ◽  
J. Lindsay Oaks ◽  
Timothy B. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Bronchiolar Epithelium ◽  
Polymerase Chain

A malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)–like disease was induced experimentally in 3 sheep after aerosol inoculation with ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). Each of 3 OvHV-2–negative sheep was nebulized with 2 ml of nasal secretions containing approximately 3.07 − 109 OvHV-2 DNA copies from a sheep experiencing an intensive viral-shedding episode. Ovine herpesvirus-2 DNA became detectable by polymerase chain reaction in the peripheral blood leukocytes of all 3 sheep within 3 days, and all 3 seroconverted between 6 and 8 days postinfection (PI). The sheep developed clinical signs, with copious mucopurulent nasal discharge and fever around 14 days PI. One of the 3 clinically affected sheep was euthanized at 18 days PI. Major lesions at necropsy were multifocal linear erosions and ulcers in mucosa of the cheeks, tongue, pharynx, and proximal esophagus and mild disseminated pneumonia. Microscopically, there was extensive moderate superficial histiocytic–lymphocytic rhinitis with epithelial dissociation and degeneration. Moderate multifocal histiocytic bronchointerstitial pneumonia was associated with loss of terminal bronchiolar epithelium. Lymphocytic vasculitis was present only in the lung. The remaining 2 sheep recovered clinically, approximately 25 days PI. The study revealed that clinical signs and lesions resembling MCF can develop when uninfected sheep are exposed to a high dose of aerosolized OvHV-2.

scholarly journals Recognition of another member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: an endemic gammaherpesvirus in domestic goats

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Janice Keller ◽  
Donald P. Knowles ◽  
Timothy B. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Sequence Alignment ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Homologous Sequence ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Polymerase Gene ◽  
Virus Sequence ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Alignment Analysis ◽  
Recognition Of Another

A novel gammaherpesvirus in goats that is herein tentatively designated as caprine herpesvirus-2 was identified based on the sequence of a fragment from the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene. Sequence alignment analysis revealed that the virus sequence isolated from goats was 67% identical to the homologous sequence from alcelaphine herpesvirus-1, 71% identical to ovine herpesvirus-2 and 73% identical to a recently recognized herpesvirus causing malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer. Combined serological and PCR-survey data demonstrated that this virus is endemic in goats and its transmission pattern may be similar to that of ovine herpesvirus-2 in sheep.

scholarly journals Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Bison, Acute and Chronic Cases

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Schultheiss ◽  
James K. Collins ◽  
Laura E. Austgen ◽  
James C. DeMartini
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Corneal Opacity ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Elastic Membrane ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Lymphoid Infiltrates ◽  
Viral Sequences

Acute malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was diagnosed in 10 bison from 6 herds and ranging from 1 to 6 years of age. The pattern of clinical signs and morphologic lesions differed among bison. Combinations of corneal opacity, lacrimation, nasal discharge, depression, excess salivation, anorexia, diarrhea, melena, and hematuria were observed. Vasculitis characterized by lymphoid infiltrates in the adventia with variable extension into media and intima was found in multiple tissues in each animal. Fibrinoid vascular necrosis was rare. Ulceration in the alimentary tract was found in 9/10 bison, and ulceration or hemorrhage in the urinary bladder was found in 8/10 bison. Lymphoid infiltrates were present in 7 of 9 livers and 9 of 9 kidneys examined histologically. Hyperplasia of lymph nodes was observed in 5 bison. Chronic MCF was diagnosed in 1 bison with an 80-day course of illness that began with lacrimation, corneal opacity, mucoid nasal discharge, depression, and anorexia. These signs ceased after 15 days but circling and blindness developed on day 76. Chronic vascular lesions characterized by endothelial cell hypertrophy, intimal thickening, fragmentation of the internal elastic membrane, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and adventitial infiltrates of lymphocytes and plasma cells were found in many organs. The retinal arteries had chronic inflammation and acute transmural fibrinoid necrosis. The retinas were infarcted. Polymerase chain reaction technique for amplification of ovine herpesvirus 2 sequences was performed on formalin-fixed tissues, and viral sequences were detected in 1–7 tissues from each animal. These viral sequences were not found in tissues of 4 bison not affected by MCF.

scholarly journals Caprine Herpesvirus-2–Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus)

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Arno Wunschmann ◽  
Janice Keller ◽  
D. Greg Hall ◽  
Timothy B. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
Virus Group ◽  
Dna Fragment

A subacute disease presenting primarily as alopecia and weight loss occurred in 2 white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) on farms in Minnesota and in Texas. A presumptive diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was made on the basis of histological lesions. Antibody against an epitope conserved among the MCF group viruses was detected in the serum of both deer. DNA samples from the deer were subjected to a variety of PCR amplifications. Alignment of the amplified sequences from the diseased animals revealed that they were 100% identical to each other and to the same DNA fragment from the newly recognized member of the MCF virus group endemic in domestic goats ( Capra hircus), provisionally named caprine herpesvirus 2 (CpHV-2). A seroprevalence survey from one of the deer farms showed a high rate of subclincal infection in the deer population. This study provides further confirmation that CpHV-2 is a pathogen, at least for deer, and emphasizes the risk of loss from MCF when mixing cervids with goats.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Activities of Bovine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Milk Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils during Intramammary Inflammation Caused by Lipopolysaccharide

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 812-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prin-Mathieu ◽  
Y. Le Roux ◽  
G. C. Faure ◽  
F. Laurent ◽  
M. C. Béné ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Cell Counts

ABSTRACT Leukocytes are recruited from peripheral blood into milk as part of the inflammatory response to mastitis. However, excessive accumulation of inflammatory cells alters the quality of milk and the proteases produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages may lead to mammary tissue damage. To investigate PMN recruitment and the kinetics of their intracytoplasmic enzymes in inflammation, we generated mastitis in six cows by intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clinical signs of acute mastitis were observed in all of the cows, and normal status was resumed by 316 h. Intracytoplasmic elastase, collagenase, and cathepsin activities were measured within live cells by flow cytometry in peripheral blood leukocytes and milk PMNs before and during the inflammatory process (at 10 time points between 4 and 316 h). The proportion of immature PMNs was appreciated by CD33 surface labeling measured in flow cytometry. Leukopenia was observed in the peripheral blood 4 h postinfusion, concomitant to an increase in somatic cell counts in milk. CD33+ PMNs were preferentially recruited from the peripheral blood to milk. Enzymatic activities were detected in PMNs, lymphocytes, and monocytes at levels depending on the cell type, sample nature, and time of collection. Milk PMNs had lower enzymatic activities than peripheral blood PMNs. This study showed that milk PMNs recruited during LPS-induced experimental mastitis have an immature phenotype and significantly lower enzymatic activities than peripheral blood PMNs. This suggests that CD33, an adhesion molecule, may be involved in the egress from blood to milk and that the enzymatic contents of PMNs are partly used during this process.

scholarly journals Detection of equine herpesvirus 1 DNA in a single embryo and in horse semen by polymerase chain reaction

2000 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Carvalho ◽  
L.M.F. Passos ◽  
A.M. Oliveira ◽  
M. Henry ◽  
A.S. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Equine Herpesvirus ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Equine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The genome of one equine embryo and three equine semen specimens collected from a Brazilian farm were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of EHV-1 and EHV-4-specific timidine kinase (TK) sequences. The PCR detected specific EHV-1 TK gene sequences in all samples tested. The peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of the embryo donor mare also was amplified by EHV-1 TK primers. Infectious virus was not recovered from any specimens. The animals did not show any clinical signal of EHV-1 or EHV-4 infections. EHV-4 was not detected in the studied specimens. The results indicate that PCR was more sensitive than virus isolation in cell culture for detecting EHV-1 in semen of carrier horses.

scholarly journals Intra-nasal Inoculation of American Bison (Bison bison) with Ovine Herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) Reliably Reproduces Malignant Catarrhal Fever

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O'Toole ◽  
N. S. Taus ◽  
D. L. Montgomery ◽  
J. L. Oaks ◽  
T. B. Crawford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Route Of Exposure

Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) due to infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is common in commercial herds of American bison ( Bison bison). Inability to propagate OvHV-2 in vitro has been a constraint on experimental studies of the disease. We sought to establish whether nasal secretions from sheep that shed OvHV-2 might induce the disease in bison and to define a minimum challenge dose. Fourteen bison were nebulized with sheep nasal sections containing 103–107 OvHV-2 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) copies. Most challenged bison (11/14, 78.6%) developed clinical signs at 29–52 days postnebulization (DPN). The mean incubation time was 42.18 (±7.33 SD) DPN. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we detected OvHV-2 DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes at 21–31 DPN. All bison that developed MCF had antibodies against the MCF group viruses. Gross and histologic lesions were typical of the acute disease. There was no morphologic evidence of a dose-related difference in the severity or distribution of lesions. This is the first successful reproduction of MCF in bison using a nasal route of exposure. Experimentally challenged bison are more susceptible to MCF, compared with experimentally challenged domestic cattle in a previous experiment. Bison are a pertinent ruminant species in which the pathogenesis of the disease can be investigated.

scholarly journals Tissular Distribution of Argentinean Strains of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 4 (BoHV-4) in Experimentally-Infected Calves

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Pedro Edgardo Morán ◽  
Sandra Elizabet Pérez ◽  
Jorge Pablo García ◽  
Alejandra Nelly Cristina Castro ◽  
Lucas Maximiliano Spetter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Herpesvirus Type

Although bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4) is primarily associated with reproductive disorders of cattle, it can produce a variety of clinical signs. To determine the distribution, the presence and type of microscopic lesions caused by BoHV-4 strains of different genotypes an in vivo model, calves were infected with three phylogenetically different Argentinean BoHV-4 strains. Samples from nasal and ocular secretions, peripheral blood leukocytes, tissues and serum were analyzed. BoHV-4 was isolated from nasal and ocular secretions at 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi). Viral DNA was detected by nested PCR in peripheral blood leukocytes at 14 and 21 dpi for two out of three strains and in tissues, such as nervous system, trachea, pulmonary and retropharyngeal lymph nodes, spleen and kidney, at 21 dpi. Antibody levels detected by viral seroneutralization test were mostly low and varied widely for the different strains. The tissue distribution of the BoHV-4 strains and the variations observed in the levels of neutralizing anti-bodies indicate that certain differences can be established among the patterns of biological behavior of each strain. This is an initial step to get insight into the biological characteristics of Argentinean BoHV-4 isolates. However, further evaluation involving a higher number of inoculated animals will be required to be conclusive on this aspect.

scholarly journals Equine Herpesvirus-4 Kinetics in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Nasopharyngeal Secretions in Foals Using Quantitative Real-Time TaqMan PCR

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 578-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Christian M. Leutenegger ◽  
W. David Wilson ◽  
Johanna L. Watson ◽  
Gregory L. Ferraro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Glycoprotein B ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Course Of Disease ◽  
Taqman Pcr ◽  
Herpesvirus 4 ◽  
Kinetics Of

Based on the hypothesis that the viral load of cells infected with EHV-4 will likely change during the course of disease, TaqMan PCR was used to investigate and characterize the kinetics of EHV-4 viral DNA load (glycoprotein B gene) and transcriptional activity (glycoprotein B and latency-associated transcripts) in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and nasopharyngeal secretions (NSs) collected from 11 foals during a field outbreak of respiratory disease. The EHV-4 DNA load in PBLs was low and of short duration after onset of clinical signs. In contrast, the EHV-4 load in NSs remained high for the majority of the foals over a period of 4 weeks. Viral replication determined by detection of mRNA expression of the structural glycoprotein B was detected only in NSs during the first 7 days after onset of clinical signs for most foals. The majority of foals expressed latency-associated transcripts in NS sonly during the first 7 days after onset of clinical signs. Persistence of the expression of latency-associated transcripts in NS, as a reflection of a latent viral state, was not documented during the 28-day study period. Based on these results, it was concluded that lytic infection with EHV-4 can be diagnosed either by high EHV-4 DNA load of glycoprotein B gene or by detection of transcriptional activity of glycoprotein B.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document