In Utero Infection by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Is Sufficient To Increase Susceptibility of Piglets to Challenge by Streptococcus suis Type II

ABSTRACT Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) consistently elevates the frequency of disease and mortality in young pigs. Many different secondary bacterial diseases occur in PRRS virus (PRRSV)-infected pigs. However, to date, establishing a reproducible experimental model of PRRSV infection in weaned pigs, with subsequent clinical disease following secondary bacterial challenge, has been difficult. PRRSV is frequently isolated during outbreaks from weak-born piglets affected by secondary bacterial diseases. This study was performed to investigate the potential role of intrauterine PRRSV infection on piglet susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection. PRRSV-free pregnant sows were intranasally infected at 98 days of gestation with PRRSV strain SD 23983. All piglets born to the PRRSV-infected sows were viremic. Piglets were removed from the sows at birth and deprived of colostrum. Piglets from PRRSV-infected and noninfected sows were randomly assigned to Streptococcus suis challenge or control subgroups. At 5 days of age, piglets were challenged intranasally with strain MN 87555 of S. suis type II. Total and differential leukocyte counts were performed on blood samples collected at 3 days of age. The numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes were significantly reduced in the PRRSV-infected piglets. Lesions were observed in bone marrow, brain, lung, heart, spleen, lymph node, tonsil, and thymus of PRRSV-infected piglets. Thymus/body weight ratios of in utero PRRSV-infected piglets were significantly reduced compared to those of non-PRRSV-infected piglets, and thymic lesions were characterized by severe cortical depletion of thymocytes. Lesions were not observed in piglets born to PRRSV-free sows. Overall, 20 out of 22 piglets in the PRRSV-S. suis dual-infection group died within 1 week after challenge with S. suis (10 of 11 in each of two trials). This contrasts with 1 of 18 piglets in the PRRSV-infection-only group and 5 of 23 piglets in the S. suis-challenge-only group (1 of 12 in trial 1 and 4 of 11 in trial 2). No piglets died in the uninfected control groups. Most of the piglets in the PRRSV-S. suis dual-infection group developed suppurative meningitis. S. suis type II was recovered from their brains and joints. These results indicate that in utero infection by PRRSV makes piglets more susceptible to infection and disease following challenge by S. suis type II. In utero infection by PRRSV may provide a useful model to study the interaction between PRRSV and bacterial coinfections in piglets.

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Evaluation of the Efficacy of an Attenuated Live Vaccine against Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Young Pigs

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.05646-11 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 1199-1206 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Xue Leng ◽

Zhenguang Li ◽

Mingqi Xia ◽

Yanliang He ◽

Hua Wu

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Effective Protection ◽

Lethal Challenge ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Live Virus ◽

Pork Industry ◽

Live Virus Vaccine ◽

Young Pigs ◽

Prrsv Strain

ABSTRACTHighly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) is characterized by high fever and high mortality in pigs of all ages and has severely affected the pork industry of China in the last few years. An attenuated HP-PRRSV strain, TJM, was obtained by passaging HP-PRRSV strain TJ on MARC-145 cells for 92 passages. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)- and antibody-free pigs were inoculated intramuscularly with TJM (105.050% tissue culture infective doses [TCID50]) and challenged at 28, 60, 120, and 180 days postimmunization (dpi). The results showed that 5/5, 5/5, 5/5, and 4/5 immunized pigs were protected from the lethal challenge and did not develop fever and clinical diseases at each challenge, respectively. Compared to control pigs, vaccinated pigs showed much milder pathological lesions and gained significantly more weight (P< 0.01). Sequence analysis of different passages of strain TJ showed that the attenuation resulted in a deletion of a continuous 120 amino acids (aa), in addition to the discontinuous 30-aa deletion in the nsp2 region. The analysis also demonstrated that the 120-aa deletion was genetically stablein vivo. These results suggested that HP-PRRSV TJM was efficacious against a lethal challenge with a virulent HP-PRRSV strain, and effective protection could last at least 4 months. Therefore, strain TJM is a good candidate for an efficacious modified live virus vaccine as well as a useful molecular marker vaccine against HP-PRRSV.

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Structural comparison of CD163 SRCR5 from different species sheds some light on its involvement in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 infection in vitro

Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s13567-021-00969-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hongfang Ma ◽

Rui Li ◽

Longguang Jiang ◽

Songlin Qiao ◽

Xin-xin Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scavenger Receptor ◽

Host Cells ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Prrs Virus ◽

Rich Domain ◽

Serious Disease ◽

The One ◽

And Control

AbstractPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a serious disease burdening global swine industry. Infection by its etiological agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), shows a highly restricted tropism of host cells and has been demonstrated to be mediated by an essential scavenger receptor (SR) CD163. CD163 fifth SR cysteine-rich domain (SRCR5) is further proven to play a crucial role during viral infection. Despite intense research, the involvement of CD163 SRCR5 in PRRSV infection remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we prepared recombinant monkey CD163 (moCD163) SRCR5 and human CD163-like homolog (hCD163L1) SRCR8, and determined their crystal structures. After comparison with the previously reported crystal structure of porcine CD163 (pCD163) SRCR5, these structures showed almost identical structural folds but significantly different surface electrostatic potentials. Based on these differences, we carried out mutational research to identify that the charged residue at position 534 in association with the one at position 561 were important for PRRSV-2 infection in vitro. Altogether the current work sheds some light on CD163-mediated PRRSV-2 infection and deepens our understanding of the viral pathogenesis, which will provide clues for prevention and control of PRRS.

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Recent Advances in PRRS Virus Receptors and the Targeting of Receptor–Ligand for Control

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9040354 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 354

Author(s):

Chia-Ming Su ◽

Raymond Robert Richard Rowland ◽

Dongwan Yoo

Keyword(s):

Viral Entry ◽

Critical Role ◽

Scavenger Receptor ◽

Viral Pathogenesis ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Receptor Ligand ◽

Cellular Receptors ◽

Prrs Virus ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Virus Receptors

Cellular receptors play a critical role in viral infection. At least seven cellular molecules have been identified as putative viral entry mediators for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Accumulating data indicate that among these candidates, CD163, a cysteine-rich scavenger receptor on macrophages, is the major receptor for PRRSV. This review discusses the recent advances and understanding of the entry of PRRSV into cells, viral pathogenesis in CD163 gene-edited swine, and CD163 as a potential target of receptor–ligand for the control of PRRS.

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Modeling the spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a swine population: transmission dynamics, immunity information, and optimal control strategies

Advances in Difference Equations ◽

10.1186/s13662-019-2351-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Phithakdet Phoo-ngurn ◽

Chanakarn Kiataramkul ◽

Farida Chamchod

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Vaccination Rate ◽

Transmission Dynamics ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Respiratory Problems ◽

Prrs Virus ◽

Swine Population ◽

Swine Disease

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an important swine disease that affects many swine industries worldwide. The disease can cause reproductive failure and respiratory problems in a swine population. As vaccination is an important tool to control the spread of PRRS virus (PRRSV), we employ a mathematical model to investigate the transmission dynamics of PRRSV and the effects of immunity information, as well as vaccination control strategies. We also explore optimal vaccination coverage and vaccination rate to minimize the number of infected swines and vaccination efforts. Our results suggest that: (i) higher vaccination coverage and vaccination rate together with prior knowledge about immunity may help reduce the prevalence of PRRSV, and (ii) longer maximum vaccination efforts are required when swines stay longer in a population and it takes them longer time to recover from PRRS infections.

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The type II histidine triad protein HtpsC is a novel adhesion with the involvement of Streptococcus suis virulence

Virulence ◽

10.1080/21505594.2015.1056971 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 631-641 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Min Li ◽

Zhu-Qing Shao ◽

Yuqing Guo ◽

Ling Wang ◽

Tianqing Hou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Suis ◽

Type Ii

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Complete Genome Sequence of a Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain from Two Genotype 1 Modified Live Virus Vaccine Strains

Genome Announcements ◽

10.1128/genomea.00454-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (22) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Patricia Renson ◽

Fabrice Touzain ◽

Arnaud Lebret ◽

Mireille Le Dimna ◽

Hélène Quenault ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genome Sequence ◽

Virus Vaccine ◽

Complete Genome Sequence ◽

Complete Genome ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Genotype 1 ◽

Live Virus ◽

Live Virus Vaccine ◽

Pig Farm ◽

Prrsv Strain

ABSTRACT This paper provides information on the complete genome sequence of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain isolated on a French pig farm which was identified as a recombinant strain from two commercial modified live virus vaccine strains of genotype 1 (VP-046BIS and DV strains).

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Morphometric analysis of posterior fossa after in utero myelomeningocele repair

Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics ◽

10.3171/2011.1.peds10234 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 362-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Ryan A. Grant ◽

Gregory G. Heuer ◽

Geneive M. Carrión ◽

N. Scott Adzick ◽

Erin S. Schwartz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Posterior Fossa ◽

Surgical Repair ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

In Utero ◽

Clinical Effects ◽

Type Ii ◽

Tonsillar Herniation ◽

Myelomeningocele Repair ◽

Repair Group

Object Myelomeningocele (MMC) is characterized by a defect in caudal neurulation and appears at birth with a constellation of neuroanatomical abnormalities, including Chiari malformation Type II. The authors investigated the effects of antenatal versus postnatal repair of MMC through a quantitative analysis of morphometric changes in the posterior fossa (PF). Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 29 patients who underwent in utero MMC repair, 24 patients who underwent postnatal repair, and 114 fetal and pediatric controls. Tonsillar displacement, cerebellum length, pons length, clivus-supraocciput (CSO) angle, and PF area were compared in antenatal and postnatal MMC repair groups as well as in controls without neural tube defects by using t-tests and correlation coefficients. Results Initially, the in utero CSO angle was significantly more acute in all patients with MMC—prenatally and postnatally repaired—as compared with controls (57.8° vs 75.4°, p < 0.001); however, the angle rapidly changed and became similar to that in controls between 30 and 31 weeks' gestation to approximately 80°, with antenatal repair having little effect. Postnatally, the CSO angle decreased in controls (R = −0.58) and in the antenatal repair group (R = −0.17). The cerebellum and pons length demonstrated no significant differences in any group. Overall, tonsil descent was corrected in the antenatal repair group as compared with postnatal repair (p < 0.001), and the PF area increased in all 3 groups in utero. Growth was less rapid in patients with MMC compared with controls, but this was corrected by antenatal repair (p = 0.015). Conclusions Myelomeningocele was associated with tonsillar herniation and a smaller PF than in control fetuses. Antenatal surgical repair corrected both abnormalities. The CSO angle began significantly more acutely in patients with MMC, but normalized with development regardless of when surgery was performed. Determining the clinical effects of antenatal repair requires further follow-up.

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Preliminary assessment of correlation between T-lymphocyte responses and control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in piglets born after in-utero infection of a type 2 PRRSV

Korean Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.14405/kjvr.2018.58.1.9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 9-16

Author(s):

Sang-Ho Cha ◽

Carey Bandaranayaka-Mudiyanselage ◽

Chandima B. Bandaranayaka-Mudiyanselage ◽

Dharani Ajiththos ◽

Kyoung-Jin Yoon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Lymphocyte ◽

In Utero ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Preliminary Assessment ◽

Lymphocyte Responses ◽

And Control

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Sequencing and analysis of complete genome of the attenuated Hanvet1.VN strain used for vaccine production against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.15625/1811-4989/16/1/13168 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

Nguyễn Thị Nga ◽

Hà Thị Thu ◽

Nguyễn Thị Hoa ◽

Vũ Thị Hiền ◽

Trần Thị Thu Hiền ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Sanger Sequencing ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Type Ii ◽

Vaccine Production ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

North American Strain ◽

American Strain ◽

Vietnamese Strain

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) attenuated strain Hanvet1.VN has been developed by the Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Material J.S.C (HANVET) by passaging HY-2010 strain on MARC-145 cells for 80 passages and used for PRRS vaccine production. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the whole genome of the attenuated Hanvet1.VN strain. The total RNA was extracted from the Hanvet1.VN strain, RT-PCR was used for amplification of 15 separate segments of the whole genome. The amplified segments were cloned into the pCR2.1 vector and sequenced by Sanger sequencing. The sequences were analyzed with BioEdit and DNA Star Software. The results showed that, GP5 of the Hanvet1.VN attenuated strain had 100% identity in amino acid (aa) sequences with one of the pathogenic Vietnamese strain isolated in Quang Nam Province and had 98% identity with that of the Chinese 07NM strain. However, the identity of aa sequence of the Hanvet1.VN GP5 was much lower in the comparison with GP5 of VR2332, and it was only 87%. The MP and NP proteins were highly conserved compared with pathogenic strains circulating in Vietnam (07QN) and China (07NM) (99-100%, respectively). The other eight proteins of the Hanvet1.VN strain showed changes from 1.2% in NP1a to 3.9% in GP2 compared with the 07QN strain. However, the aa identity of all Hanvet1.VN proteins were very low when compared with proteins of PRRSV type II strain (North American strain, VR2332), ranged from 86.25% to 97.7%. Our results showed that the Hanvet1.VN attenuated vaccine strain had protective immunogenicity similar to that strain circulating in Vietnam closely related to a strain from China but different from the type II North American strain VR2332. Hence, for importing PRRSV vaccine, especially from American or Europe Countries, antigenic compatibility of the PRRSV vaccine and strains circulating in Vietnam should be concerned in PRRSV vaccine production.

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