Genetic Variation of Citrus Tristeza VirusIsolates from California and Spain: Evidence for Mixed Infections and Recombination

ABSTRACT We examined the population structure and genetic variation of four genomic regions within and between 30 Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates from Spain and California. Our analyses showed that most isolates contained a population of sequence variants, with one being predominant. Four isolates showed two major sequence variants in some genomic regions. The two major variants of three of these isolates showed very low nucleotide identity to each other but were very similar to those of other isolates, suggesting the possibility of mixed infections with two divergent isolates. Incongruencies of phylogenetic relationships in the different genomic regions and statistical analyses suggested that the genomes of some CTV sequence variants originated by recombination events between diverged sequence variants. No correlation was observed between geographic origin and nucleotide distance, and thus from a genetic view, the Spanish and Californian isolates analyzed here could be considered members of the same population.

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Detection of Divergent Sequence Variants within Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) Isolates

International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010) ◽

10.5070/c57v8961q0 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 15 (15) ◽

Author(s):

L. Rubio ◽

J. Guerri ◽

P. Moreno

Keyword(s):

Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽

Sequence Variants ◽

Divergent Sequence ◽

Tristeza Virus ◽

Citrus Tristeza

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Stem-Pitting Citrus tristeza virus Predominantly Transmitted by the Brown Citrus Aphid from Mixed Infections Containing Non-Stem-Pitting and Stem-Pitting Isolates

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-10-10-0772 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (8) ◽

pp. 913-920 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. H. Brlansky ◽

Avijit Roy ◽

V. D. Damsteegt

Keyword(s):

Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Haplotype Diversity ◽

Aphid Transmission ◽

Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

Tristeza Virus ◽

Stem Pitting ◽

Citrus Spp ◽

Citrus Tristeza

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a phloem-limited Closterovirus that produces a variety of symptoms in various Citrus spp. One of these symptoms is stem pitting (SP). SP does not occur in all Citrus spp. but when it does it may cause low tree vigor, decline, and an economic reduction in fruit size and yield. Historically, the first appearance of CTV-SP in a citrus area often occurs after the introduction of the most efficient CTV vector, the brown citrus aphid (BCA), Toxoptera citricida. Hypotheses for this association range from the introduction of these strains in new planting materials to the increased ability of BCA to transmit SP strains from existing CTV sources. It is known that CTV often exists as a complex of isolates or subisolates. Single and multiple BCA transmissions have been used to separate different genotypes or strains of CTV from mixed CTV infected plants. This study was initiated to determine what the BCA transmits when an exotic severe SP CTV isolate B12 from Brazil or B408 from Dominican Republic are mixed with a non-SP (NSP) isolate, FS627 from Florida. Biological and molecular data was generated from grafted mixtures of these isolates and their aphid-transmitted subisolates. Single-strand conformation polymorphism patterns of the 5′ terminal region of open reading frame (ORF) 1a, the overlapping region of ORF1b and ORF2, and the major coat protein gene region of NSP and SP CTV-grafted plants remained unchanged but the patterns of doubly inoculated plants varied. The haplotype diversity within SP isolates B12, B408, and mixtures of NSP and SP isolates (FS627/B12 and FS627/B408) and aphid-transmitted subisolates from doubly inoculated plants was determined by analysis of the haplotype nucleotide sequences. Aphid transmission experiments, symptoms, and molecular analyses showed that SP-CTV was more frequently transmitted with or without NSP-CTV from mixed infections.

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Population structure and diversity of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates in Hunan province, China

Archives of Virology ◽

10.1007/s00705-016-3089-z ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 162 (2) ◽

pp. 409-423

Author(s):

Cui Xiao ◽

Run-Xian Yao ◽

Fang Li ◽

Su-Ming Dai ◽

Grazia Licciardello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽

Hunan Province ◽

Tristeza Virus ◽

Citrus Tristeza

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In Situ Immunoassay (ISIA) of Field Grapefruit Trees Inoculated with Mild Isolates of Citrus tristeza virus Indicates Mixed Infections with Severe Isolates

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2002.86.5.458 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 86 (5) ◽

pp. 458-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Youjian Lin ◽

Phyllis A. Rundell ◽

Charles A. Powell

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

The Cross ◽

Tristeza Virus ◽

Mild Isolate ◽

Citrus Tristeza

Ten grapefruit trees that had been inoculated with a mild isolate of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and maintained in the field for 18 years were found in a previous study to be declining and infected with severe isolates of CTV, or symptomless and infected with mild isolates of CTV, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). They were assayed with an in situ immunoassay (ISIA) procedure using monoclonal antibodies 17G11 (reacts with most Florida isolates of CTV) and MCA13 (reacts with severe, but not Florida mild isolates of CTV). All the grapefruit trees were 17G11 positive by ELISA and ISIA. The five trees that showed moderate decline symptoms were MCA13 positive by ELISA and ISIA. The five symptomless trees were MCA13 negative by ELISA. However, four of the five symptomless trees were MCA13 positive by ISIA, which showed that ISIA with MCA13 had greater sensitivity in detecting severe CTV isolates than ELISA. These results suggested that the cross-protected grapefruit trees, regardless of symptoms, were infected with both mild and severe isolates of CTV.

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Genetic variation and recombination of RdRp and HSP 70h genes of Citrus tristeza virus isolates from orange trees showing symptoms of citrus sudden death disease

Virology Journal ◽

10.1186/1743-422x-5-9 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Clarissa PC Gomes ◽

Tatsuya Nagata ◽

Waldir C de Jesus ◽

Carlos R Borges Neto ◽

Georgios J Pappas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Sudden Death ◽

Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽

Orange Trees ◽

Tristeza Virus ◽

Virus Isolates ◽

Citrus Tristeza

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Variation of haplotype distributions of two genomic regions of Citrus tristeza virus populations from eastern Spain

Molecular Ecology ◽

10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01747.x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 517-526 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

F. D'Urso ◽

A. Sambade ◽

A. Moya ◽

J. Guerri ◽

P. Moreno

Keyword(s):

Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽

Genomic Regions ◽

Tristeza Virus ◽

Citrus Tristeza

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Distribution and population structure of Citrus tristeza virus in Poncirus trifoliata

Australasian Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s13313-017-0498-8 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 351-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yan Zhou ◽

Yinjie Liu ◽

Kehong Liu ◽

Fangyun Yang ◽

Changyong Zhou

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Tristeza Virus ◽

Citrus Tristeza

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Separation of Citrus Tristeza Virus Isolates in Mixed Infections through Transfer by Single Brown Citrus Aphids

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.3.694 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 694-696 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Charles A. Powell ◽

Youjian Lin

Keyword(s):

Citrus Tristeza Virus ◽

Sweet Orange ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

Citrus Paradisi ◽

Inoculum Sources ◽

Toxoptera Citricida ◽

Orange Trees ◽

Tristeza Virus ◽

Virus Isolates ◽

Citrus Tristeza

One hundred single brown citrus aphid (BCA) (Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy) transmission attempts were made from each of 16 different citrus trees [8 grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and 8 sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck)] previously inoculated with decline-inducing (T36-CTV), non-decline-inducing (T30-CTV), a mixture of the two Citrus tristeza virus isolate types, or no CTV. Successful CTV transmission occurred in 1.5% of attempts from grapefruit trees that had been bark-chip-inoculated with T36-CTV, 3% of attempts from orange trees inoculated with T36-CTV, 3% of attempts from grapefruit trees inoculated with both T36- and T30-CTV, 4% of attempts from orange trees inoculated with both T36- and T30-CTV, 1.5% of attempts from grapefruit trees inoculated with T30-CTV, and 3.5% of attempts from orange trees inoculated with T30-CTV. Single BCA were able to recover T30-like-CTV from trees believed to be inoculated only with T36-CTV, and T36-like-CTV from trees believed to be inoculated only with T30-CTV, suggesting that these inoculum sources were also mixtures of T36-CTV and T30-CTV. The T36-CTV was not immunologically detectable in some of the trees from which it was transmitted indicating that single BrCA can recover T36-CTV from a T36-CTV/T30-CTV mixture in which the T36-CTV is an undetectable, minority component.

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