Reassortment In Vivo: Driving Force for Diversity of Human Rotavirus Strains Isolated in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999

ABSTRACT The G and P genotypes of 3,601 rotavirus strains collected in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999 were determined (M. Iturriza-Gómara et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:4394–4401, 2000). In 95.4% of the strains the most common G and P combinations, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], and G4P[8], were found. A small but significant number (2%) of isolates from the remaining strains were reassortants of the most common cocirculating strains, e.g., G1P[4] and G2P[8]. Rotavirus G9P[6] and G9P[8] strains, which constituted 2.7% of all viruses, were genetically closely related in their G components, but the P components of the G9P[8] strains were very closely related to those of cocirculating strains of the more common G types (G1, G3, and G4). In conclusion, genetic interaction by reassortment among cocirculating rotaviruses is not a rare event and contributes significantly to their overall diversity.

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Quality: A Driving Force for Healthcare in the United Kingdom

Journal for Healthcare Quality ◽

10.1111/j.1945-1474.1998.tb00923.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 18-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katharine E. OʼSullivan

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Driving Force ◽

The United Kingdom

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Niemcy i Francja w Unii Europejskiej po brexicie

Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki ◽

10.35757/rpn.2018.26.03 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 39-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Józef M. Fiszer

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

United Kingdom ◽

European Integration ◽

Driving Force ◽

Turning Point ◽

Accurate Diagnosis ◽

The European Union ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

History Of ◽

The Eu

There is no doubt that Brexit is an unprecedented event in the history of European integration and the European Union (EU). It will certainly be a turning point not only in the history of the EU but also in Germany and France. It will affect their place and role in the new international order that is currently being shaped. Today, however, it is very difficult to present an accurate diagnosis, and even more difficult to predict the future of the EU, Europe and the whole world after Brexit. Currently, the opinions of researchers and experts on this subject are divided. Many fear that Brexit will be the beginning of the end of the EU and that it will lead to so-called diversified integration and then to its disintegration. Others believe that Brexit, nolens volens, may accelerate the EU’s modernisation process. This will require the adoption of a new revision treaty. This treaty will be developed under the dictation of Germany and France, which are the most influential countries in the EU.The purpose of this article is to answer a few questions, particularly what role Germany and France can and will play in the EU after Brexit. Will these countries again become the driving force in the process of European integration and the EU’s modernisation, or will they remain passive and contribute to the break-up of the EU? Moreover, the author intends to show the opportunities and threats for the EU without the United Kingdom, which counterbalanced the influence of Germany and France in Europe.

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Doctors’ and nurses’ views and experience of transferring patients from critical care home to die: A qualitative exploratory study

Palliative Medicine ◽

10.1177/0269216314560208 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 354-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Maureen Coombs ◽

Tracy Long-Sutehall ◽

Anne-Sophie Darlington ◽

Alison Richardson

Keyword(s):

Critical Care ◽

United Kingdom ◽

End Of Life ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Care Home ◽

Rare Event ◽

Community Services ◽

Critical Care Units ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Doctors And Nurses

Background: Dying patients would prefer to die at home, and therefore a goal of end-of-life care is to offer choice regarding where patients die. However, whether it is feasible to offer this option to patients within critical care units and whether teams are willing to consider this option has gained limited exploration internationally. Aim: To examine current experiences of, practices in and views towards transferring patients in critical care settings home to die. Design: Exploratory two-stage qualitative study Setting/participants: Six focus groups were held with doctors and nurses from four intensive care units across two large hospital sites in England, general practitioners and community nurses from one community service in the south of England and members of a Patient and Public Forum. A further 15 nurses and 6 consultants from critical care units across the United Kingdom participated in follow-on telephone interviews. Findings: The practice of transferring critically ill patients home to die is a rare event in the United Kingdom, despite the positive view of health care professionals. Challenges to service provision include patient care needs, uncertain time to death and the view that transfer to community services is a complex, highly time-dependent undertaking. Conclusion: There are evidenced individual and policy drivers promoting high-quality care for all adults approaching the end of life encompassing preferred place of death. While there is evidence of this choice being honoured and delivered for some of the critical care population, it remains debatable whether this will become a conventional practice in end of life in this setting.

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Comparative studies of human rotavirus serotype G8 strains recovered in South Africa and the United Kingdom

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/0022-1317-80-11-3029 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 80 (11) ◽

pp. 3029-3034 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

A. D. Steele ◽

S. P. Parker ◽

I. Peenze ◽

C. T. Pager ◽

M. B. Taylor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

United Kingdom ◽

South African ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Sequence Identity ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Subgroup Ii ◽

Human Rotavirus ◽

The Uk ◽

High Degree

Epidemiological studies on the VP7 serotype prevalence of human rotaviruses in South Africa and the United Kingdom identified several strains which could not be serotyped as G1–G4 by monoclonal antibodies. Further analysis of these strains with a G8-specific monoclonal antibody and with probes for human rotaviruses confirmed them as G8 rotaviruses. These G8 strains exhibited a high degree of sequence identity when compared with each other and with other rotavirus G8 strains. Five South African strains were further characterized as VP6 subgroup I, but with a long RNA electropherotype, which is similar to the G8 strains previously isolated in Finland. In the UK strains, one was VP6 subgroup II with a long RNA electropherotype (similar to the Italian G8 strain). The other two were subgroup I with a short RNA electropherotype. None of these strains exhibited the super-short RNA electropherotype described in the prototype G8 strains recovered from Indonesia (69M).

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Characterization of Salmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium DT104 Isolated from Denmark and Comparison with Isolates from Europe and the United States

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.38.4.1581-1586.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 1581-1586 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

D. L. Baggesen ◽

D. Sandvang ◽

F. M. Aarestrup

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Restriction Enzyme ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Minor Variation ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Serovar Typhimurium ◽

Plasmid Profiling

A total of 136 isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 from Denmark (n = 93), Germany (n = 10), Italy (n = 4), Spain (n = 5), and the United Kingdom (n = 9) were characterized by antimicrobial resistance analysis, plasmid profiling, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with the restriction enzymes XbaI and BlnI, and analysis for the presence of integrons and antibiotic resistance genes. The isolates from Denmark were from nine pig herds, while the isolates from other countries were both of animal and of human origin. All but 10 isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. Five isolates from the United Kingdom and Spain were sensitive to all antibiotics examined, whereas four isolates from the United Kingdom and the United States were also resistant to one or more of the antibiotics, namely, gentamicin, neomycin, and trimethoprim. All but two strains had the same PFGE profiles when the XbaI restriction enzyme was used, while seven different profiles were observed when theBlnI restriction enzyme was used. Different dominatingBlnI types were observed among European isolates compared with the types observed among those from the United States. All the isolates harbored common 95-kb plasmids either alone or in combination with smaller plasmids, and a total of 11 different plasmid profiles were observed. Furthermore, all but one of the multidrug-resistant isolates contained two integrons, ant (3")-Ia andpse-1. Sensitive isolates contained no integrons, and isolates that were resistant to spectinomycin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides had only one integron containing ant (3")-Ia. When restriction enzyme BlnI was used, the 14 isolates from one of the nine herds in Denmark showed unique profiles, whereas isolates from the remaining herds were homogeneous. Among isolates from seven of nine herds, the same plasmid profile (95 kb) was observed, but isolates from two herds had different profiles. Thus, either PFGE (withBlnI) or plasmid profiling could distinguish isolates from three of nine pig herds in Denmark. The epidemiological markers (antimicrobial susceptibility testing, plasmid profiling, and PFGE) applied demonstrated high in vivo stability in the Danish herds. This may indicate that some different strains of multidrug-resistantS. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 have been introduced into Danish food animal herds. The presence of isolates from six different countries with similar profiles by PFGE with XbaI and highly homogeneous profiles by PFGE with BlnI indicate that multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 has probably been spread clonally in these countries. However, some minor variation could be observed by using plasmid profiling and profiling by PFGE with BlnI. Thus, a more sensitive technique for subtyping of strains of DT104 and a broader investigation may help in elucidating the epidemiological spread of DT104 in different parts of the world.

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