scholarly journals New View on Dietary Fiber Selection for Predictable Shifts in Gut Microbiota

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Cantu-Jungles ◽  
B. R. Hamaker
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Fiber Selection

ABSTRACT Dietary fibers can be utilized to shape the human gut microbiota. However, the outcomes from most dietary fibers currently used as prebiotics are a result of competition between microbes with overlapping abilities to utilize these fibers. Thus, divergent fiber responses are observed across individuals harboring distinct microbial communities. Here, we propose that dietary fibers can be classified hierarchically according to their specificity toward gut microbes. Highly specific fibers harbor chemical and physical characteristics that allow them to be utilized by only a narrow group of bacteria within the gut, reducing competition for that substrate. The use of such fibers as prebiotics targeted to specific microbes would result in predictable shifts independent of the background microbial composition.

Substrate use prioritization by a coculture of five species of gut bacteria fed mixtures of arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, β-glucan, and pectin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Liu ◽  
AL Heath ◽  
B Galland ◽  
N Rehrer ◽  
L Drummond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Plant Polysaccharides ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota

© 2020 American Society for Microbiology. Dietary fiber provides growth substrates for bacterial species that belong to the colonic microbiota of humans. The microbiota degrades and ferments substrates, producing characteristic short-chain fatty acid profiles. Dietary fiber contains plant cell wall-associated polysaccharides (hemicelluloses and pectins) that are chemically diverse in composition and structure. Thus, depending on plant sources, dietary fiber daily presents the microbiota with mixtures of plant polysaccharides of various types and complexity. We studied the extent and preferential order in which mixtures of plant polysaccharides (arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, β-glucan, and pectin) were utilized by a coculture of five bacterial species (Bacteroides ovatus, Bifidobacterium longum subspecies longum, Megasphaera elsdenii, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Veillonella parvula). These species are members of the human gut microbiota and have the biochemical capacity, collectively, to degrade and ferment the polysaccharides and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). B. ovatus utilized glycans in the order β-glucan, pectin, xyloglucan, and arabinoxylan, whereas B. longum subsp. longum utilization was in the order arabinoxylan, arabinan, pectin, and β-glucan. Propionate, as a proportion of total SCFAs, was augmented when polysaccharide mixtures contained galactan, resulting in greater succinate production by B. ovatus and conversion of succinate to propionate by V. parvula. Overall, we derived a synthetic ecological community that carries out SCFA production by the common pathways used by bacterial species for this purpose. Systems like this might be used to predict changes to the emergent properties of the gut ecosystem when diet is altered, with the aim of beneficially affecting human physiology. This study addresses the question as to how bacterial species, characteristic of the human gut microbiota, collectively utilize mixtures of plant polysaccharides such as are found in dietary fiber. Five bacterial species with the capacity to degrade polymers and/or produce acidic fermentation products detectable in human feces were used in the experiments. The bacteria showed preferential use of certain polysaccharides over others for growth, and this influenced their fermentation output qualitatively. These kinds of studies are essential in developing concepts of how the gut microbial community shares habitat resources, directly and indirectly, when presented with mixtures of polysaccharides that are found in human diets. The concepts are required in planning dietary interventions that might correct imbalances in the functioning of the human microbiota so as to support measures to reduce metabolic conditions such as obesity.

scholarly journals Influence of pig farming on human Gut Microbiota: role of airborne microbial communities

Gut Microbes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Julia Moor ◽  
Tsering Wüthrich ◽  
Suzanne Aebi ◽  
Nadezda Mostacci ◽  
Gudrun Overesch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Pig Farming

Microwave treatment enhances human gut microbiota fermentability of isolated insoluble dietary fibers

2021 ◽  
pp. 110293
Author(s):  
Thaisa Moro Cantu-Jungles ◽  
Xiaowei Zhang ◽  
Ahmad E. Kazem ◽  
Marcello Iacomini ◽  
Bruce R. Hamaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microwave Treatment ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota

scholarly journals Substrate Use Prioritization by a Coculture of Five Species of Gut Bacteria Fed Mixtures of Arabinoxylan, Xyloglucan, β-Glucan, and Pectin

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafei Liu ◽  
Anne-Louise Heath ◽  
Barbara Galland ◽  
Nancy Rehrer ◽  
Lynley Drummond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Emergent Properties ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Plant Polysaccharides ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota

ABSTRACT Dietary fiber provides growth substrates for bacterial species that belong to the colonic microbiota of humans. The microbiota degrades and ferments substrates, producing characteristic short-chain fatty acid profiles. Dietary fiber contains plant cell wall-associated polysaccharides (hemicelluloses and pectins) that are chemically diverse in composition and structure. Thus, depending on plant sources, dietary fiber daily presents the microbiota with mixtures of plant polysaccharides of various types and complexity. We studied the extent and preferential order in which mixtures of plant polysaccharides (arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, β-glucan, and pectin) were utilized by a coculture of five bacterial species (Bacteroides ovatus, Bifidobacterium longum subspecies longum, Megasphaera elsdenii, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Veillonella parvula). These species are members of the human gut microbiota and have the biochemical capacity, collectively, to degrade and ferment the polysaccharides and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). B. ovatus utilized glycans in the order β-glucan, pectin, xyloglucan, and arabinoxylan, whereas B. longum subsp. longum utilization was in the order arabinoxylan, arabinan, pectin, and β-glucan. Propionate, as a proportion of total SCFAs, was augmented when polysaccharide mixtures contained galactan, resulting in greater succinate production by B. ovatus and conversion of succinate to propionate by V. parvula. Overall, we derived a synthetic ecological community that carries out SCFA production by the common pathways used by bacterial species for this purpose. Systems like this might be used to predict changes to the emergent properties of the gut ecosystem when diet is altered, with the aim of beneficially affecting human physiology. IMPORTANCE This study addresses the question as to how bacterial species, characteristic of the human gut microbiota, collectively utilize mixtures of plant polysaccharides such as are found in dietary fiber. Five bacterial species with the capacity to degrade polymers and/or produce acidic fermentation products detectable in human feces were used in the experiments. The bacteria showed preferential use of certain polysaccharides over others for growth, and this influenced their fermentation output qualitatively. These kinds of studies are essential in developing concepts of how the gut microbial community shares habitat resources, directly and indirectly, when presented with mixtures of polysaccharides that are found in human diets. The concepts are required in planning dietary interventions that might correct imbalances in the functioning of the human microbiota so as to support measures to reduce metabolic conditions such as obesity.

scholarly journals Production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): effect of inulin on microbial composition and CLA concentration in a human intestinal model

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Carafa ◽  
Domenico Masuero ◽  
Urska Vrhovsek ◽  
Giovanni Bittante ◽  
Elena Franciosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota

AbstractConjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) show a number of putative health-promoting activities including anti-carcinogenic, anti-adipogenic, anti-diabetogenic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. CLAs are naturally produced by ruminal bacteria and several studies demonstrate that various lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are also able to produce CLAs in vitro from linoleic acid (LA). However, the ability of the human gut microbiota to produce CLA is less extensively studied. Our hypothesis is that the human gut microbiota is able to convert LA to CLA, and that the readily fermentable fiber inulin would positively modulate the growth of CLA-producing bacteria and, consequently increase the CLA content in the intestine.The capability of the faecal microbiota from five healthy donors to produce CLA was tested in anaerobic batch cultures for 48 hours at pH 5.5 and 6.5. Test treatments were linoleic acid (LA; 1 mg/mL) + bovine serum albumin (BSA; 0.2 mg/mL), and LA (1 mg/mL) + BSA (0.2 mg/mL) + inulin (1%, w/v) compared to a control BSA (0.2 mg/mL) fermentation. The microbial composition was analyzed 0, 24 and 48 hours after starting the fermentation by 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing (V3-V4 region). CLAs were quantified by Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) and bi-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC).The inclusion of LA + BSA + inulin at pH 5.5 significantly increased the relative abundance of Collinsella aerofaciens (p < 0.05), and tended to increase the relative abundance of bifidobacteria. LA + BSA + inulin at both pH 5.5 and 6.5 reduced the relative abundance of Parabacteroides, Bilophila, Clostridia and Enterobacteriaceae (p < 0.05). The concentration of CLA, in particular the isomer cis9,trans11 C18:2, was significantly higher in the LA + BSA + inulin group at pH 5.5 after 24 and 48 hours fermentation.The data show that the treatment LA + BSA + inulin at pH 5.5 induce substantial changes in microbiota composition, including bifidogenesis and CLA production in a human intestinal microbiota model. The changes of relative abundance detected are consistent with changes in gut bacteria previously linked to human health. Collinsella aerofaciens has been reported for reducing bloating, in particular in subjects suffering from irritable bowel syndrome, while Clostridia, Bilophila and Enterobacteriaceae causes human infections. In addition, the increase of bifidobacteria and LAB, which have previously been shown in vitro to produce CLA, may also be involved in CLA production under simulated cecal microbiome. These preclinical observations warrant confirmation in suitably designed animal and human mechanistic studies.

scholarly journals Age-dependent sexual dimorphism in the adult human gut microbiota

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuying Zhang ◽  
Huanzi Zhong ◽  
Yufeng Li ◽  
Zhun Shi ◽  
Zhe Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Northern China ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractA decade of studies has established the importance of the gut microbiome in human health. In spite of sex differences in the physiology, lifespan, and prevalence of many age-associated diseases, sex and age disparities in the gut microbiota have been little studied. Here we show age-related sex differences in the adult gut microbial composition and functionality in two community-based cohorts from Northern China and the Netherlands. Consistently, women harbour a more diverse and stable microbial community across broad age ranges, whereas men exhibit a more variable gut microbiota strongly correlated with age. Reflecting the sex-biased age-gut microbiota interaction patterns, sex differences observed in younger adults are considerably reduced in the elderly population. Our findings highlight the age- and sex-biased differences in the adult gut microbiota across two ethnic population and emphasize the need for considering age and sex in studies of the human gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Dietary Fiber and the Human Gut Microbiota: Application of Evidence Mapping Methodology

Nutrients ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleigh Sawicki ◽  
Kara Livingston ◽  
Martin Obin ◽  
Susan Roberts ◽  
Mei Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Evidence Mapping ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota
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