The maritime Pacific Northwest is the only region of the United States suitable for production of spinach seed, a cool-season, daylength-sensitive crop. However, the acidic soils of this region are highly conducive to spinach Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae. Rotations of at least 10 to 15 years between spinach seed crops are necessary to reduce the high risk of losses to this disease. The objectives of this study were to develop a greenhouse soil bioassay to assess the relative risk of Fusarium wilt in fields intended for spinach seed production, and to identify soil chemical and physical properties associated with conduciveness to this disease. Preliminary bioassays established a protocol for growing spinach plants in a greenhouse environment and inducing Fusarium wilt symptoms so that the bioassay can be completed in <2 months. Test soils with a range of Fusarium wilt inoculum potentials, and three spinach inbred parent lines (highly susceptible, moderately susceptible, and moderately resistant to Fusarium wilt) were used to evaluate sensitivity of the bioassay to different levels of risk of Fusarium wilt. Then, from 2010 to 2013, spinach seed growers and stakeholders submitted soil samples from 147 fields for evaluation with the bioassay. The fields were each under consideration for planting a spinach seed crop, yet the bioassay revealed a wide range in Fusarium wilt inoculum potential among soil samples. Differences in susceptibility to Fusarium wilt of the three inbred lines were key to detecting differences in wilt risk among soils. Visits to spinach seed crops planted in fields evaluated in the bioassay, as well as test plots of the three inbred lines planted in growers’ seed crops, confirmed the predictive value of the bioassay for Fusarium wilt risk. Correlation analyses for 23 soil properties revealed significant relationships of 15 soil properties with the Fusarium wilt potential of a soil, but the correlations were influenced significantly by susceptibility of the inbred line to Fusarium wilt (13, 10, and 8 soil properties correlated significantly with Fusarium wilt risk for the susceptible, moderate, and partially resistant inbreds, respectively). Multiple regression analyses identified different statistical models for prediction of Fusarium wilt risk depending on the spinach inbred line, but the best fitting model explained <34% of the variability in Fusarium wilt risk among 121 fields evaluated in the soil bioassay. Thus, no model was robust enough to replace the bioassay for the purpose of predicting Fusarium wilt risk.
A Soil Bioassay for Predicting the Risk of Spinach Fusarium wilt
