Effect of fungicidal agents on the initial growth of spring wheat plants

This study provides a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of active ingredients of fungicidal preparations and in a mixture with organomineral fertilizers on reducing the infection of seed and the germination of spring wheat plants in the initial phases of ontogenesis. For the research, on 8 different combinations of active ingredients fungicides in pure form and in a mixture with organomineral fertilizer. The application of fungicide did not affect the seed growth energy, but in most cases the germination rate increased by 4%. Seed dressing had a retardant effect on germination of the plant’s organs, and the fertiliser stimulating effect was shown in Variant 1 (Protioconazole + Tebuconazole + fertiliser). The efficiency of disinfectants against seed diseases reached 96% against general contamination and 56-93% against pathogenic microflora, and in a mixture with organomineral fertilizer, the efficiency is reduced by 13%. High and stable efficiency was manifested in drugs based on the active substances Tebuconazole + Flutriafol (80 + 80 g/l). Protioconazole + Tebuconazole (250+150 g/l) with net efficiency of 83-93%. As a result of the research, the effect of pickling with fungicides was determined on the basis of various combinations of active substances in pure form and with the addition of organomineral fertilizer as a growth stimulator.

The Effectiveness of Giving Plant PGPR Rhizosphere Bamboo on Cocoa Seeds Germination at The Nursery Level

The low productivity of cocoa plantations in Indonesia is partly due to the low quality of seeds, which refers to the impeded growth of cultivated cocoa nurseries. Seed is the initial growth of plants so the importance of giving special treatment to seeds will refer to better seed growth. Provision of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) microbes can produce indoleacetic acid (IAA) in plants to improve the quality of plant growth. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the provision of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria bamboo rhizosphere against cocoa seed germination. The study was carried out in the farmer group garden, Gantarangkeke District, Bantaeng. This study was arranged in the form of a two-factor factorial design (F2F) in a randomized block design (RBD). The use of cocoa seed type as the first factor consisted of GTB (Gantarangkeke Bantaeng) local cocoa seed and MCC 01 cocoa seed and seed immersion treatment at PGPR rhizosphere bamboo concentration as the second factor consisting of 0% (control) concentration, 5%, 10 % and 15%. The results obtained indicate that administration of seeds with bamboo rhizosphere PGPR affects the germination (100.00%), the speed of seed growth (7.14%/etmal), as well as on abnormal seeds (10.00%). So that the provision of bamboo rhizosphere PGPR on cocoa seeds has an effective influence on seed germination and cocoa seedling development.

Karakter Habitus dan Viabilitas Biji Tanaman Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) Aksesi Lombok Tengah Bagian Selatan

This study aims to describe the morphological character and seed growth potential of biduri (Calotropis gigantea) accession growing in the tourist area of South Central Lombok (Kuta Mandalika, Tanjung Aan, and Seger), and was carried out during February-August 2020. The method used was descriptive observative with survey techniques and sampling by purposive sampling based on the population of biduri. The seed growth experiment used a completely randomized design in a greenhouse consisting of two factors, namely the type of substrate and accession, which was repeated three times, so that there were 18 experimental units. The results shows that the Kuta Mandalika Biduri accession was showed superiority in the number of fruit characters per panicle. Tanjung Aan accessions excel in branching characters (primary and secondary branches), number of panicles per tree, number of flowers per panicle, number of fruits per tree and fruit size. Meanwhile, Seger accessions were superior in terms of plant height, seed size and weight of 100 seeds. There were no character differences in seed viability of the three accessions. The closest genetic-relationship occurs in the Kuta Mandalika accession of plot 2 sample 2 with the Kuta Mandalika accession of plot 3 sample 1 marked with a coefficient value of 1.00. Meanwhile, the furthest relationship was found in the Kuta Mandalika accession of plot 1 sample 1 with Tanjung Aan accession of plot 2 sample 2 marked with a coefficient value of 33.932.

Melatonin influences the early growth stage in Zoysia japonica Steud. by regulating plant oxidation and genes of hormones

Zoysia japonica is a commonly used turfgrass species around the world. Seed germination is a crucial stage in the plant life cycle and is particularly important for turf establishment and management. Experiments have confirmed that melatonin can be a potential regulator signal in seeds. To determine the effect of exogenous melatonin administration and explore the its potential in regulating seed growth, we studied the concentrations of several hormones and performed a transcriptome analysis of zoysia seeds after the application of melatonin. The total antioxidant capacity determination results showed that melatonin treatment could significantly improve the antioxidant capacity of zoysia seeds. The transcriptome analysis indicated that several of the regulatory pathways were involved in antioxidant activity and hormone activity. The hormones concentrations determination results showed that melatonin treatment contributed to decreased levels of cytokinin, abscisic acid and gibberellin in seeds, but had no significant effect on the secretion of auxin in early stages. Melatonin is able to affect the expression of IAA (indoleacetic acid) response genes. In addition, melatonin influences the other hormones by its synergy with other hormones. Transcriptome research in zoysia is helpful for understanding the regulation of melatonin and mechanisms underlying melatonin-mediated developmental processes in zoysia seeds.

The FtsHi Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana: Pseudo-Proteases with an Important Function

FtsH metalloproteases found in eubacteria, animals, and plants are well-known for their vital role in the maintenance and proteolysis of membrane proteins. Their location is restricted to organelles of endosymbiotic origin, the chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana, there are 17 membrane-bound FtsH proteases containing an AAA+ (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) and a Zn2+ metalloprotease domain. However, in five of those, the zinc-binding motif HEXXH is either mutated (FtsHi1, 2, 4, 5) or completely missing (FtsHi3), rendering these enzymes presumably inactive in proteolysis. Still, homozygous null mutants of the pseudo-proteases FtsHi1, 2, 4, 5 are embryo-lethal. Homozygous ftshi3 or a weak point mutant in FTSHi1 are affected in overall plant growth and development. This review will focus on the findings concerning the FtsHi pseudo-proteases and their involvement in protein import, leading to consequences in embryogenesis, seed growth, chloroplast, and leaf development and oxidative stress management.