Optimization of the Production of Amorphous Cellulose with High Enzymatic Hydrolysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1357-1361
Author(s):  
M. Ya. Ioelovich ◽  
E. Z. Morag
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Amorphous Cellulose

scholarly journals Study on the Anti-Biodegradation Property of Tunicate Cellulose

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3071
Author(s):  
Yanan Cheng ◽  
Ajoy Kanti Mondal ◽  
Shuai Wu ◽  
Dezhong Xu ◽  
Dengwen Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Crystalline Size ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Marine Animal ◽  
Amorphous Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Conversion

Tunicate is a kind of marine animal, and its outer sheath consists of almost pure Iβ crystalline cellulose. Due to its high aspect ratio, tunicate cellulose has excellent physical properties. It draws extensive attention in the construction of robust functional materials. However, there is little research on its biological activity. In this study, cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted on tunicate cellulose. During the hydrolysis, the crystalline behaviors, i.e., crystallinity index (CrI), crystalline size and degree of polymerization (DP), were analyzed on the tunicate cellulose. As comparisons, similar hydrolyses were performed on cellulose samples with relatively low CrI, namely α-cellulose and amorphous cellulose. The results showed that the CrI of tunicate cellulose and α-cellulose was 93.9% and 70.9%, respectively; and after 96 h of hydrolysis, the crystallinity, crystalline size and DP remained constant on the tunicate cellulose, and the cellulose conversion rate was below 7.8%. While the crystalline structure of α-cellulose was significantly damaged and the cellulose conversion rate exceeded 83.8% at the end of 72 h hydrolysis, the amorphous cellulose was completely converted to glucose after 7 h hydrolysis, and the DP decreased about 27.9%. In addition, tunicate cellulose has high anti-mold abilities, owing to its highly crystalized Iβ lattice. It can be concluded that tunicate cellulose has significant resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis and could be potentially applied as anti-biodegradation materials.

scholarly journals Preparation, Characterization and Application of Amorphized Cellulose—A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4313
Author(s):  
Michael Ioelovich
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Liquid Ammonia ◽  
Interlayer Spacing ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Amorphous Cellulose ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Cellulose Material ◽  
Dry Grinding ◽  
Mercerization Treatment

This review describes the methods of cellulose amorphization, such as dry grinding, mercerization, treatment with liquid ammonia, swelling in solvents, regeneration from solutions, etc. In addition, the main characteristics and applications of amorphized celluloses are discussed. An optimal method for preparing completely amorphous cellulose (CAC) via the treatment of original cellulose material with a cold NaOH/Urea-solvent at the solvent to cellulose ratio R ≥ 5 is proposed. Structural studies show that amorphous cellulose contains mesomorphous clusters with a size of 1.85 nm and specific gravity of 1.49 g/cm3. Furthermore, each such cluster consists of about five glucopyranose layers with an average interlayer spacing of 0.45 nm. Amorphous cellulose is characterized by increased hydrophilicity, reactivity, and enzymatic digestibility. Due to its amorphous structure, the CAC can be used as a promising substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis to produce glucose, which can be applied in biotechnology for growing various microorganisms. In addition, the application of CAC in agriculture is described. A waste-free method for producing amorphous nanocellulose is considered, and the main applications of nanosized amorphous cellulose are discussed.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Response of Ryegrass Cellulose and Hemicelluloses Valorization Introduced by Sequential Alkaline Extractions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-Fei Sun ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Da-Wei Wang ◽  
Hai-Yan Yang ◽  
Shao-Ni Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Fermentable Sugars ◽  
Alkaline Extraction ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Amorphous Cellulose ◽  
Alkali Extraction ◽  
Molecular Weights

Abstract Background In view of the natural resistance of hemicelluloses in lignocellulosic biomass on bioconversion of cellulose into fermentable sugars, alkali extraction is considered as an effective method for gradually fractionating hemicelluloses and enhancing the bioconversion efficiency of cellulose. In the present study, sequential alkaline extractions were performed on the delignified ryegrass material to achieve high bioconversion efficiency of cellulose and comprehensively investigated the structural feature of hemicellulosic fractions for further application. Results Sequential alkaline extractions removed hemicelluloses from cellulose-rich substrates and degraded part of amorphous cellulose, reducing yields of cellulose-rich substrates from 73.0 to 27.7% and increasing crystallinity indexes of which from 31.7 to 41.0%. Alkaline extraction enhanced bioconversion of cellulose by removal of hemicelluloses and swelling of cellulose, increasing of enzymatic hydrolysis from 72.3 to 95.3%. In addition, alkaline extraction gradually fractionated hemicelluloses into six fractions, containing arabinoxylans as the main polysaccharides and part of β-glucans. Simultaneously, increasing of alkaline concentration degraded hemicellulosic polysaccharides, which resulted in a decreasing their molecular weights from 67510 to 50720 g/mol. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that sequential alkaline extraction conditions had a significant effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose and the investigation of the physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. Overall, the investigation the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose-rich substrates and the structural features of hemicelluloses from ryegrass will provide useful information for the efficient utilization of cellulose and hemicelluloses in biorefineries.

scholarly journals Enzymatic response of ryegrass cellulose and hemicellulose valorization introduced by sequential alkaline extractions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-Fei Sun ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Da-Wei Wang ◽  
Hai-Yan Yang ◽  
Shao-Ni Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Fermentable Sugars ◽  
Alkaline Extraction ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Amorphous Cellulose ◽  
Alkali Extraction ◽  
Molecular Weights

Abstract Background In view of the natural resistance of hemicelluloses in lignocellulosic biomass on bioconversion of cellulose into fermentable sugars, alkali extraction is considered as an effective method for gradually fractionating hemicelluloses and increasing the bioconversion efficiency of cellulose. In the present study, sequential alkaline extractions were performed on the delignified ryegrass material to achieve high bioconversion efficiency of cellulose and comprehensively investigated the structural features of hemicellulosic fractions for further applications. Results Sequential alkaline extractions removed hemicelluloses from cellulose-rich substrates and degraded part of amorphous cellulose, reducing yields of cellulose-rich substrates from 73.0 to 27.7% and increasing crystallinity indexes from 31.7 to 41.0%. Alkaline extraction enhanced bioconversion of cellulose by removal of hemicelluloses and swelling of cellulose, increasing of enzymatic hydrolysis from 72.3 to 95.3%. In addition, alkaline extraction gradually fractionated hemicelluloses into six fractions, containing arabinoxylans as the main polysaccharides and part of β-glucans. Simultaneously, increasing of alkaline concentration degraded hemicellulosic polysaccharides, which resulted in a decreasing their molecular weights from 67,510 to 50,720 g/mol. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that the sequential alkaline extraction conditions had significant effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose and the investigation of the physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. Overall, the investigation the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose-rich substrates and the structural features of hemicelluloses from ryegrass will provide useful information for the efficient utilization of cellulose and hemicelluloses in biorefineries.

Metabolic Studies of Vitamin K1-14C and Menadione-14C in the Normal and Hepatectomized Rats

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Losito ◽  
C. A Owen ◽  
E. V Flock ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Urinary Metabolites ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vitamin K1 ◽  
Vitamin K3 ◽  
Metabolic Studies ◽  
Intact Rats

SummaryThe metabolism of vitamin K1- 14C and menadione-14C (vitamin K3-14C) was studied in normal and hepateetomized rats. After the administration of menadione, about 70% of the 14C was excreted in the urine in 24 hrs in both types of rats. Two urinary metabolites were identified by enzymatic hydrolysis: one a glucuronide and the other a sulfate of reduced menadione. Thus, the liver is not necessary for the metabolism of menadione. In the vitamin K1 studies, the intact rats excreted only 10% of the 14C and the hepatectomized rats excreted less than 0.5%. The retention of vitamin K1 may explain its superiority over menadione as an antidote for overdosages of oral anticoagulants.

From biorefineries to bioproducts: conversion of pretreated pulp from biorefining streams to lignocellulose nanofibers

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-241
Author(s):  
CHENGGUI SUN ◽  
RICHARD CHANDRA ◽  
YAMAN BOLUK
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Material Basis ◽  
Softwood Pulp ◽  
Energy Consumptions ◽  
Hardwood Pulp ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Lignocellulose Nanofibers

This study investigates the use of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis side streams and conversion to lignocellulose nanofibers. We used a steam-exploded and partial enzymatic hydrolyzed hardwood pulp and an organosolv pretreated softwood pulp to prepare lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNF) via microfluidization. The energies applied on fibrillation were estimated to examine the energy consumption levels of LCNF production. The energy consumptions of the fibrillation processes of the hardwood LCNF production and the softwood LCNF production were about 7040-14080 kWh/ton and 4640 kWh/ton on a dry material basis, respectively. The morphology and dimension of developed hardwood and softwood LCNFs and the stability and rheological behavior of their suspensions were investigated and are discussed.

Microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis of starch

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Lukasiewicz ◽  
Anna Osowiec ◽  
Magdalena Marciniak
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Hydrolysis Of
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