scholarly journals Marketing breast milk substitutes: problems and perils throughout the world

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 529-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
June Pauline Brady
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
The World ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes

scholarly journals Evidence of Violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes since the Adoption by the World Health Assembly in 1981: A Systematic Scoping Review Protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9523
Author(s):  
Genevieve E. Becker ◽  
Constance Ching ◽  
Paul Zambrano ◽  
Allison Burns ◽  
Jennifer Cashin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Research Question ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Code ◽  
World Health Assembly ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes

This is the protocol for a scoping review that aims to systematically explore and summarise the published evidence of violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code) and subsequent World Health Assembly Resolutions globally. The planned scoping review will seek to identify what research has been conducted on the topic, examine the geographic spread and nature of violations, and summarise knowledge gaps. The Code was adopted in 1981 by the World Health Assembly to protect infant health, in particular from aggressive and inappropriate marketing of breastmilk substitutes including formula and related products. Non-compliance with the Code or violations are described in reports, however, no existing systematic review of the global research appears to have been conducted that encompasses the varied disciplines including health, economics, and gender. The review will inform international and national decision-makers on the nature of violations and potentially highlight the need for new modalities to regulate this marketing. The proposed scoping review will use the six-step process of Arksey and O’Malley which includes defining the research question; identifying the relevant literature; selecting studies; charting the data; collating, summarising and reporting the findings; and will include a consultative group.

scholarly journals Recommendations for Adopting the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes Into U.S. Policy

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Soldavini ◽  
Lindsey Smith Taillie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Code ◽  
The World ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Health Organization

In 1981, the World Health Organization adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes ( International Code), with subsequent resolutions adopted since then. The International Code contributes to the safe and adequate provision of nutrition for infants by protecting and promoting breastfeeding and ensuring that human milk substitutes, when necessary, are used properly through adequate information and appropriate marketing and distribution. Despite the World Health Organization recommendations for all member nations to implement the International Code in its entirety, the United States has yet to take action to translate it into any national measures. In 2012, only 22.3% of infants in the United States met the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation of at least 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding. Countries adopting legislation reflecting the provisions of the International Code have seen increases in breastfeeding rates. This article discusses recommendations for translating the International Code into U.S. policy. Adopting legislation that implements, monitors, and enforces the International Code in its entirety has the potential to contribute to increased rates of breastfeeding in the United States, which can lead to improved health outcomes in both infants and breastfeeding mothers.

Evaluation of Breast Milk and Breast Milk Substitutes on Growing Rats

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-538
Author(s):  
Elisabet Forsum ◽  
Bo Lönnerdal
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
The World ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Breast Milk Substitute

Breast milk substitutes are used extensively in many countries of the world. They are generally based on milk protein, but formulas containing other protein sources are also marketed. The protein and amino acid adequacy of such formulas are ascertained by comparison with breast milk. Furthermore, the pediatric Committee on Nutrition1 recommends that the protein level of a breast milk substitute should not fall below 1.8 gm/100 kcal if the protein has a PER of at least 100% of casein. If the PER is below that of casein, the protein content of the formula should be increased accordingly, although proteins with PER below 70% of casein should not be used.

Breastfeeding

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Puntis
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Support ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Maternity Hospitals ◽  
The World ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Method Of Assessment ◽  
Huge Variation

Breastfeeding has many benefits to both mother and infant and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life. Correct positioning of the baby at the breast and social and emotional support for the mother are among other factors that are important to successful breastfeeding. The ‘Baby Friendly’ initiative sets out ten steps to successful breastfeeding and encourages maternity hospitals to implement these and become accredited. The WHO ‘International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes’ gives clear guidance on acceptable practices to formula manufacturers so that breastfeeding is not undermined. ‘Tongue tie’ has increasingly become regarded as a cause of maternal pain and difficulty latching on during breastfeeds. However, estimates of prevalence show huge variation and there is no agreed standard method of assessment. In addition, the risks of frenotomy need to be balanced against any possible benefit.

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