scholarly journals Premature small for gestational age infants fed an exclusive human milk-based diet achieve catch-up growth without metabolic consequences at 2 years of age

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. F242-F247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chonnikant Visuthranukul ◽  
Steven A Abrams ◽  
Keli M Hawthorne ◽  
Joseph L Hagan ◽  
Amy B Hair
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Metabolic Outcomes ◽  
Catch Up

ObjectiveTo compare postdischarge growth, adiposity and metabolic outcomes of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) versus small for gestational age (SGA) premature infants fed an exclusive human milk (HM)-based diet in the neonatal intensive care unit.DesignPremature infants (birth weight ≤1250 g) fed an exclusive HM-based diet were examined at 12–15 months corrected gestational age (CGA) (visit 1) for anthropometrics, serum glucose and non-fasting insulin, and at 18–22 months CGA (visit 2) for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.ResultsOf 51 children, 33 were AGA and 18 were SGA at birth. The SGA group had weight gain (g/day) equal to AGA group during the follow-up period. SGA had a significantly greater body mass index (BMI) z-score gain from visit 1 to visit 2 (0.25±1.10 vs −0.21±0.84, p=0.02) reflecting catch-up growth. There were no significant differences in total fat mass (FM) and trunk FM between groups. SGA had significantly lower insulin level (5.0±3.7 vs 17.3±15.1 µU/mL, p=0.02) and homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (1.1±0.9 vs 4.3±4.1, p=0.02). Although regional trunk FM correlated with insulin levels in SGA (r=0.893, p=0.04), they had lower insulin level compared with AGA and no difference in adiposity.ConclusionsSGA premature infants who received an exclusive HM-based diet exhibited greater catch-up growth without increased adiposity or elevated insulin resistance compared with AGA at 2 years of age. An exclusive HM-based diet may improve long-term body composition and metabolic outcomes of premature infants with ≤1250 g birth weight, specifically SGA.

scholarly journals Eruption chronology of the first deciduous teeth in children born prematurely with birth weight less than 1500g

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Garcia F. Neto ◽  
Mario Cicero Falcao
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Deciduous Teeth ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Eruption Age ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Student’S T Test

Objective: To describe the eruption chronology of the first deciduous teeth in premature infants with birth weight less than 1500g and to compare it according to gender and nutritional status at birth. Methods: Longitudinal study including 40 low birth weight premature infants of both genders. The tooth was considered erupted when the crown went through the gum and became part of the oral environment. The comparison of the eruption chronology in relation to gender and among children appropriate or small for gestational age was done by Student's t-test, being significant p<0.05. Results: The eruption of the first tooth (teeth) occurred, on average, with 11.0±2.1 months of chronological age and with 9.6±1.9 months corrected for prematurity. The first erupted teeth were the lower central incisors. The average eruption for males was 9.7±1.9 and, for females, 9.5±1.9 months, both corrected for prematurity (p=0.98). The average eruption in children with birth weight appropriate for gestational age was 10.1±1.4 months; for small for gestational age, it was 9.4±2.2, also corrected for prematurity (p=0.07). Conclusions: The average eruption age of the first teeth, corrected for prematurity, was 9.6 months. Sex and nutritional status at birth did not change the eruption chronology.

Catch-Up Growth in Children Born Small for Gestational Age Related to Body Composition and Metabolic Risk at Six Years of Age in the UK

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
M. Loredana Marcovecchio ◽  
Samantha Gorman ◽  
Laura P.E. Watson ◽  
David B. Dunger ◽  
Kathryn Beardsall
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Uk

scholarly journals Differential DNA methylation profile in infants born small-for-gestational-age: association with markers of adiposity and insulin resistance from birth to age 24 months

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001402
Author(s):  
Marta Diaz ◽  
Edurne Garde ◽  
Abel Lopez-Bermejo ◽  
Francis de Zegher ◽  
Lourdes Ibañez
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Methylation Profiling

IntroductionPrenatal growth restraint followed by rapid postnatal weight gain increases lifelong diabetes risk. Epigenetic dysregulation in critical windows could exert long-term effects on metabolism and confer such risk.Research design and methodsWe conducted a genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in peripheral blood from infants born appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA, n=30) or small-for-gestational-age (SGA, n=21, with postnatal catch-up) at age 12 months, to identify new genes that may predispose to metabolic dysfunction. Candidate genes were validated by bisulfite pyrosequencing in the entire cohort. All infants were followed since birth; cord blood methylation profiling was previously reported. Endocrine-metabolic variables and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were assessed at birth and at 12 and 24 months.ResultsGPR120 (cg14582356, cg01272400, cg23654127, cg03629447), NKX6.1 (cg22598426, cg07688460, cg17444738, cg12076463, cg10457539), CPT1A (cg14073497, cg00941258, cg12778395) and IGFBP 4 (cg15471812) genes were hypermethylated (GPR120, NKX6.1 were also hypermethylated in cord blood), whereas CHGA (cg13332653, cg15480367, cg05700406), FABP5 (cg00696973, cg10563714, cg16128701), CTRP1 (cg19231170, cg19472078, cg0164309, cg07162665, cg17758081, cg18996910, cg06709009), GAS6 (N/A), ONECUT1 (cg14217069, cg02061705, cg26158897, cg06657050, cg15446043) and SLC2A8 (cg20758474, cg19021975, cg11312566, cg12281690, cg04016166, cg03804985) genes were hypomethylated in SGA infants. These genes were related to β-cell development and function, inflammation, and glucose and lipid metabolism and associated with body mass index, body composition, and markers of insulin resistance at 12 and 24 months.ConclusionIn conclusion, at 12 months, abnormal methylation of GPR120 and NKX6.1 persists and new epigenetic marks further involved in adipogenesis and energy homeostasis arise in SGA infants. These abnormalities may contribute to metabolic dysfunction and diabetes risk later in life.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Changes in Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Insulin Sensitivity, and Secretion from Birth to Age Three Years in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 4645-4649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germán Iñiguez ◽  
Ken Ong ◽  
Rodrigo Bazaes ◽  
Alejandra Avila ◽  
Teresa Salazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Catch Up

Abstract Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR) develops as early as age 1 to 3 yr in small for gestational age (SGA) infants who show rapid catch-up postnatal weight gain. In contrast, greater insulin secretion is related to infancy height gains. We hypothesized that IGF-I levels could be differentially related to gains in length and weight and also differentially related to IR and insulin secretion. Methods: In a prospective study of 50 SGA (birth weight &lt; 5th percentile) and 14 normal birth weight [appropriate for gestational age (AGA)] newborns, we measured serum IGF-I levels at birth, 1 yr, and 3 yr. IR (by homeostasis model assessment) and insulin secretion (by short iv glucose tolerance test) were also measured at 1 yr and 3 yr. Results: SGA infants had similar mean length and weight at 3 yr compared with AGA infants. SGA infants had lower IGF-I levels at birth (P &lt; 0.0001), but conversely they had higher IGF-I levels at 3 yr (P = 0.003) than AGA infants. Within the SGA group, at 1 yr IGF-I was associated with length gain from birth and insulin secretion (P &lt; 0.0001); in contrast at 3 yr IGF-I was positively related to weight, body mass index, and IR. Conclusions: IGF-I levels increased rapidly from birth in SGA, but not AGA children. During the key first-year growth period, IGF-I levels were related to β-cell function and longitudinal growth. In contrast, by 3 yr, when catch-up growth was completed, IGF-I levels were related to body mass index and IR, and these higher IGF-I levels in SGA infants might indicate the presence of relative IGF-I resistance.

scholarly journals Decreased insulin sensitivity in small for gestational age males treated with GH and preterm untreated males: a study in young adults.

2008 ◽  
Vol 158 (6) ◽  
pp. 899-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Rotteveel ◽  
M M van Weissenbruch ◽  
H A Delemarre-Van de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Gh Therapy ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Preterm Born

BackgroundLow birth weight and preterm birth are associated with growth delay as well as the development of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is especially seen in subjects with catch-up growth. GH therapy induces growth in short subjects with low birth weight at term, but little is known about the long-term effects on insulin sensitivity. GH therapy is now also proposed for preterms that remain short.MethodsWe investigated insulin sensitivity using the gold standard hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique in 10 young adult males born small for gestational age (SGA) who had been treated with GH during childhood (GH) in comparison with 15 males born preterm AGA (premAGA), 13 males born preterm SGA (premSGA), and 15 males born at term with normal birth weight (CON). Furthermore, we investigated the presence of the metabolic syndrome.ResultsInsulin sensitivity was decreased in premAGA, premSGA, and GH subjects compared with CON males. The metabolic syndrome was not present in any of the groups.ConclusionInsulin sensitivity is decreased in GH-treated SGA born males as well as in preterm born males. With respect to the SGA subjects, whether the difference results from perinatal-, postnatal-, or GH therapy-related factors are not known. With respect to the preterm born subjects, close surveillance is needed when commencing GH therapy.

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