scholarly journals Prevalence of therapeutic use exemptions at the Olympic Games and association with medals: an analysis of data from 2010 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (15) ◽  
pp. 920-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Vernec ◽  
David Healy
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Therapeutic Use ◽  
Potential Confounder ◽  
Elite Sport ◽  
Calculated Risk ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Risk Ratios ◽  
The Olympic Games

ObjectivesThe percentage of athletes with Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) competing in elite sport and the association with winning medals has been a matter of speculation in the absence of validated competitor numbers. We used International Olympic Committee (IOC) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) data to identify athletes competing with TUEs at five Olympic Games (Games) and a possible association between having a TUE and winning an Olympic medal.MethodsWe used the IOC’s competition results and WADA’s TUE database to identify the number of TUEs for athlete competitions (ACs, defined as one athlete competing in one event) and any associations with medals among athletes competing in individual competitions. We calculated risk ratios (RR) for the probability of winning a medal among athletes with a TUE compared with that of athletes without a TUE. We also reported adjusted RR (RRadj) controlling for country resources, which is a potential confounder.ResultsDuring the Games from 2010 to 2018, there were 20 139 ACs and 2062 medals awarded. Athletes competed with a TUE in 0.9% (181/20 139) of ACs. There were 21/2062 medals won by athletes with a TUE. The RR for winning a medal with a TUE was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.73 to 1.65; p=0.54), and the RRadj was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.69 to 1.56; p=0.73).ConclusionThe number of athletes competing with valid TUEs at Games is <1%. Our results suggested that there is no meaningful association between being granted a TUE and the likelihood of winning a medal.

scholarly journals Организация Олимпийских игр: анализ структуры расходов на предолимпийском этапе на примере Японии

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Mikhail E. Komarov
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Nominal Group ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan ◽  
Metropolitan Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Group ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Olympic Games

В данной статье рассматривается актуальный вопрос расходов на организацию летних Олимпийских игр на предолимпийском этапе. В статье проводится анализ структуры расходов на рассматриваемом этапе на примере XXXII летних Олимпийских игр в Токио. Детально исследуется структура расходов на двух крупных подэтапах: подача заявки на проведение Игр и непосредственно организация Олимпиады, при этом отдельно выделяются расходы трёх основных групп: Международного олимпийского комитета (с фокусом на программе Олимпийской солидарности), условной группы бизнеса и условной группы государства. На первом подэтапе в условную группу государства входят Токийский муниципалитет, правительство Японии и Заявочный комитет Токио 2020, в то время как на автором рассматриваемом подэтапе место Заявочного комитета занимает учреждённый в 2014 г. после официального избрания Токио городом-организатором Организационный комитет Токио 2020. В рамках каждой из трёх основных групп приводятся конкретные проекты, проводится анализ статей расходов на их осуществление. Отдельно стоит выделить тот факт, что автор, являясь действующим сотрудником Организационного комитета Токио 2020, осуществляет детальное изучение проектов и статей расходов, зачастую не попадающих в поле зрения исследователей данной темы. Отдельно анализируются факторы и причины увеличения первоначального бюджета на организацию и проведение XXXII летних Олимпийских игр, в частности такие, как перенос соревнований по марафону и спортивной ходьбе из Токио в г. Саппоро, перенос Игр на 2021 г. в связи с угрозой распространения вируса COVID-19 и т.д. На основе имеющихся данных по состоянию на май 2020 г. выделяется ряд тенденций, связанных со статьями расходов отдельно взятых групп. Основываясь на данных проведённого исследования, автор делает вывод, что наибольшие расходы на предолимпийском этапе несёт условная группа государства, в рамках которой доли Токийского муниципалитета и Оргкомитета Токио 2020 условно равны. Ключевые слова: Олимпийские игры, Организационный комитет Токио 2020, структура расходов Олимпийских игр, Токийский муниципалитет, Заявочный комитет Токио 2020, Международный олимпийский комитет, экономика Олимпийских игр, предолимпийский этап, XXXII летние Олимпийские игры, программа Олимпийской солидарности. This article deals with the topical issue of the costs related to hosting the Olympic Games at the pre-Olympic stage. The article provides an analysis of the cost structure at this stage on the example of the Games of the XXXII Olympiad in Tokyo. The cost structure in two major sub-stages is studied in detail: bidding stage and the organizing stage, with the focus on the costs of three main groups: the International Olympic Committee (highlighting the Olympic Solidarity program), nominal business group and nominal state group. In the first sub-stage the nominal state group includes Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the government of Japan and the Tokyo 2020 Bidding Committee, while in the second sub-stage the Tokyo 2020 Bidding Committee is replaced by the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee, established in 2014 after Tokyo was officially elected as the host city. Specific examples of the projects within each of the three main groups are indicated and the analysis of the costs related to their implementation is conducted. It is important to highlight the fact, that the author of the article, being the current employee of the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee, has carried out a detailed study of projects and cost items that frequently are not covered by other researchers of this issue. The factors and reasons for increased budget, compared with the initial one, for staging and holding the Games of the XXXII Olympiad are analyzed separately; particular emphasis has been put on the transfer of the marathon and race walk competition from Tokyo to Sapporo city and on the postponement of the Games till 2021 due to the threat of the COVID-19 virus spread, etc. Based on the available data as of May 2020, a number of trends related to the cost items of the main groups are indicated. Based on the materials of this article the author concludes that the largest expenses at the pre-Olympic stage are borne by the nominal group of state, within which the shares of Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee are conditionally equal. Keywords: Olympic Games, the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee, Olympic Games cost structure, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the Tokyo 2020 Bidding Committee, the International Olympic Committee, the economics of the Olympic Games, pre-Olympic stage, the Games of the XXXII Olympiad, Olympic Solidarity program.

scholarly journals Sport – In Praise of Doping on its Usefulness and Necessity

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Jerzy Kosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Considerable Degree ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Elite Sport ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Olympic Sport ◽  
The Olympic Games

AbstractThe author points out that in contemporary competitive, record oriented, professional, spectacular, top-level sport, elite sport, marketability sport or Olympic sport – whose beginnings should be dated to the turn of the 19th and the 20th century – mistaken decisions, which inhibited development of the abovementioned forms of sport, took place.Primarily it was restricted to circle of financially well-off gentlemen, women’s participation was forbidden, participation of professional athletes was also forbidden to a considerable degree (and during the Olympic games – totally). The need of commercialization of sport was negated and definite forms of doping were banned.When talented persons from the lower social strata – workingmen (as well as women) and athletes earning money by practicing sport – were permitted to participate in sports competition and commercialization of sport was accepted, sport started to develop more rapidly and it became more attractive and spectacular. It contributed to intensification of investment in sport, to enrichment and modernization of its infrastructure, to optimization of research, technologization, production of better equipment and a considerable increase in athletes’ and coaches’ remuneration.Another radical qualitative leap in sport can be contributed to by abolition of a ban on doping. It is going to implicate necessary and competent medical and pharmacological care, to facilitate maximization of results, to increase interest in sports spectacles. Skillful application of doping is going to release athletes’ considerable capacity, endurance and proficiency potentials which have not been used yet.

L’évidence des anglicismes dans les discours journalistiques français

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie Bernard-Béziade ◽  
Michaël Attali
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Linguistic Barriers ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Lexical Study ◽  
The Olympic Games

Given their internationalization and their dependence on the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the Olympic Games provide good evidence of linguistic usages in the field of sport and constitute a preferred domain for the lexical study of anglicisms, since, although French is one of the official languages of the Olympic Games, the discourse of sport generally relies on English. Representative of this tendency, the work of journalists examined here displays a variety of lexical strategies. A linguistic analysis of two Olympic sports, athletics and swimming, seems to show that sport is inextricably linked to a particular structural discourse whose tenor is regularly conveyed by journalists. Beyond linguistic barriers, it seems that the perceived nature of sport leads to the privileging of anglicisms which command unquestioned acceptance much as the values of sport do — themselves generally taken for granted without discussion.

Hosting the Olympics: why are we always getting the cost wrong?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maroula Khraiche ◽  
Abhinav Alakshendra
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Cost Overrun ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Constant Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Olympic Games

PurposeIn the last 50 years, every Olympics has experienced a major cost overrun. This paper explores the reasons for this cost underestimation and looks into the occurrence of the winner's curse. We also forecast the spending pattern of future host cities. Finally, we discuss the role of the International Olympic Committee in making the Olympic Games more efficient and sustainable.Design/methodology/approachThe review of literature on the topic of constant cost overrun in the Olympic Games is surprisingly very thin. We comprehensively review the existing literature to understand the scholarship in this area. This paper also produces future cost trends for the host cities.FindingsWe argue that cost underestimation is resulting from the outdated bid process which encourages spectacle over efficiency. A no-bid environment is more efficient and allows the host city to negotiate effectively with the International Olympic Committee. The Los Angeles Games of 1984 was profitable and has shown reusing the infrastructure can save a lot of money which could help make the Olympic Games economically sustainable.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the existing knowledge on the cost overrun aspect of Olympics financing. We also forecast the cost trends of hosting future Olympics.

A Case for the Integration of the Disabled into the Olympic Games

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan Labanowich
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
Sports Programs ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Single Voice ◽  
The Olympic Games

By referring to criteria established by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for including sports in the Olympic Games and considering the maturation of the sports movement for the disabled, it is reasonable to conclude that certain sports reserved exclusively for the disabled can be made eligible for inclusion in the Olympic Games as medal events. A confounding factor in pursuit of inclusion in the Olympic Games is the uncritical willingness of the established international sports organizations for the disabled to amalgamate in order to communicate as a single voice with the IOC. Created in the process is a formal institutionalization of sports programs for the disabled. Despite invitations to stage demonstration events in recent Olympic Games, sports organizations have failed to take measures necessary to qualify for full integration into the Olympic movement. Reorganization is called for on the basis of versions of sports that would lend themselves to integration.

scholarly journals Danmarks position i det internationale elitesportskapløb - post Beijing

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Klarskov Storm
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Elite Sport ◽  
The Future ◽  
Sport Organization ◽  
International Success ◽  
The Olympic Games

Artiklen vurderer på baggrund af med Team Danmarks resultatkontrakter med Kulturministeriet og Team Danmarks efterspørgsel efter flere penge til elitearbejdet, den danske position i den internationale elitesportskapløb og indetificerer de problemstillinger, som organiseringen af dansk eliteidræt står over for. The Danish Standings in the International Sporting Arms Race – Post BeijingThe development within international elite sport has launched a global sporting arms race. As pointed out by international scholars, more and more countries develop medal capability investing ever more resources in the fight for international success. This international trend has affected the Danish context resulting in a growing political focus on international results. On the basis of the recent Danish rankings in the Olympic Games in China, the debate on Danish elite sport has intensified. Although the number of Danish medals reached the goal set for the games, the Danish elite sport organization, Team Denmark, subsequently demanded more capital for elite sport development claiming that without increased resources, Denmark will face decreasing results in the future. This article analyses the Danish position in the international sporting arms race together with identifying the challenges of Danish elite sport. Including identified factors of international sporting success, a brief performance analysis of the Danish model is carried out. Finally the appropriateness of increased funding for Team Denmark is discussed.

ORGANISATIONAL ISSUES IN OLYMPIC GAMES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Ribeiro ◽  
Abel Correia ◽  
Rui Biscaia ◽  
Tom Bason
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Financial Planning ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Mega Events ◽  
The Media ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
The Olympic Games

The purpose of this study is to extend previous research on organisational issues of sport mega-events through the development of a framework for the Olympic Games. A three-step approach was taken. Firstly, a systematic literature review was conducted based on journal articles, academic books and official reports published by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and Olympic Games Organising Committees (OGOC). Secondly, the issues identified within the media regarding the 2016 Olympic Games were analysed. Lastly, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten stakeholders to further examine the organisational issues of the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. A new extended conceptual framework of organisational issues associated with the Olympic Games is then proposed. Issue categories faced by the organising committee include politics, marketing, media and visibility, financial, planning, negotiation and ethics, operations, infrastructure, human resources, social, environmental and legacy. These 12 dimensions of organisational issues account for a total of 76 specific issues. The paper provides critical information to aid the IOC and OGOCs in understanding organisational issues that may arise in future of Olympic Games.

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