A Case for the Integration of the Disabled into the Olympic Games

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan Labanowich
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
Sports Programs ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Single Voice ◽  
The Olympic Games

By referring to criteria established by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for including sports in the Olympic Games and considering the maturation of the sports movement for the disabled, it is reasonable to conclude that certain sports reserved exclusively for the disabled can be made eligible for inclusion in the Olympic Games as medal events. A confounding factor in pursuit of inclusion in the Olympic Games is the uncritical willingness of the established international sports organizations for the disabled to amalgamate in order to communicate as a single voice with the IOC. Created in the process is a formal institutionalization of sports programs for the disabled. Despite invitations to stage demonstration events in recent Olympic Games, sports organizations have failed to take measures necessary to qualify for full integration into the Olympic movement. Reorganization is called for on the basis of versions of sports that would lend themselves to integration.

scholarly journals Current trends in the construction of sports infrastructure facilities, taking into account the direction of development of the international Olympic movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 09004
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kalmanovich ◽  
Olga Kalimullina ◽  
Ruslan Garifullin ◽  
Ilgizar Sazgetdinov ◽  
Irina Bitcheva
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
The Olympic Games

The study aims to assess current trends in the construction of sports infrastructure, considering the development and improvement vectors of the Olympic movement. Materials and methods. The study utilizes literature analysis, statistical methods, expert assessment method and legal analysis. Results. Trends in the development of sports infrastructure facilities for the Olympic Games have been identified and substantiated. The currentdifficulties regarding organizing and holding of the Olympic Games and the uprising contradictions in the activities of international sports organizations have been structured. Analysis of trends in the development of the Olympic movement in the XXI century and recent decisions of the International Olympic Committee revealed particular problems in the organization of the Games. The proposed new model of the modern Olympic Games allowing to overcome problems and contradictions of the Olympic movement is described. Conclusion. The modern stage of development of the Olympic movement is characterized by a number of contradictions and problems that need to be solved: gigantism of the Olympic Games, subjectivity of refereeing at sports competitions, safety at sports events, etc. The proposed model of the organization of the Olympic Games in the form of long-term competitions during the Olympic Year may help to overcome existing contradictions.

scholarly journals Организация Олимпийских игр: анализ структуры расходов на предолимпийском этапе на примере Японии

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Mikhail E. Komarov
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Nominal Group ◽  
Tokyo Metropolitan ◽  
Metropolitan Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Group ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Olympic Games

В данной статье рассматривается актуальный вопрос расходов на организацию летних Олимпийских игр на предолимпийском этапе. В статье проводится анализ структуры расходов на рассматриваемом этапе на примере XXXII летних Олимпийских игр в Токио. Детально исследуется структура расходов на двух крупных подэтапах: подача заявки на проведение Игр и непосредственно организация Олимпиады, при этом отдельно выделяются расходы трёх основных групп: Международного олимпийского комитета (с фокусом на программе Олимпийской солидарности), условной группы бизнеса и условной группы государства. На первом подэтапе в условную группу государства входят Токийский муниципалитет, правительство Японии и Заявочный комитет Токио 2020, в то время как на автором рассматриваемом подэтапе место Заявочного комитета занимает учреждённый в 2014 г. после официального избрания Токио городом-организатором Организационный комитет Токио 2020. В рамках каждой из трёх основных групп приводятся конкретные проекты, проводится анализ статей расходов на их осуществление. Отдельно стоит выделить тот факт, что автор, являясь действующим сотрудником Организационного комитета Токио 2020, осуществляет детальное изучение проектов и статей расходов, зачастую не попадающих в поле зрения исследователей данной темы. Отдельно анализируются факторы и причины увеличения первоначального бюджета на организацию и проведение XXXII летних Олимпийских игр, в частности такие, как перенос соревнований по марафону и спортивной ходьбе из Токио в г. Саппоро, перенос Игр на 2021 г. в связи с угрозой распространения вируса COVID-19 и т.д. На основе имеющихся данных по состоянию на май 2020 г. выделяется ряд тенденций, связанных со статьями расходов отдельно взятых групп. Основываясь на данных проведённого исследования, автор делает вывод, что наибольшие расходы на предолимпийском этапе несёт условная группа государства, в рамках которой доли Токийского муниципалитета и Оргкомитета Токио 2020 условно равны. Ключевые слова: Олимпийские игры, Организационный комитет Токио 2020, структура расходов Олимпийских игр, Токийский муниципалитет, Заявочный комитет Токио 2020, Международный олимпийский комитет, экономика Олимпийских игр, предолимпийский этап, XXXII летние Олимпийские игры, программа Олимпийской солидарности. This article deals with the topical issue of the costs related to hosting the Olympic Games at the pre-Olympic stage. The article provides an analysis of the cost structure at this stage on the example of the Games of the XXXII Olympiad in Tokyo. The cost structure in two major sub-stages is studied in detail: bidding stage and the organizing stage, with the focus on the costs of three main groups: the International Olympic Committee (highlighting the Olympic Solidarity program), nominal business group and nominal state group. In the first sub-stage the nominal state group includes Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the government of Japan and the Tokyo 2020 Bidding Committee, while in the second sub-stage the Tokyo 2020 Bidding Committee is replaced by the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee, established in 2014 after Tokyo was officially elected as the host city. Specific examples of the projects within each of the three main groups are indicated and the analysis of the costs related to their implementation is conducted. It is important to highlight the fact, that the author of the article, being the current employee of the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee, has carried out a detailed study of projects and cost items that frequently are not covered by other researchers of this issue. The factors and reasons for increased budget, compared with the initial one, for staging and holding the Games of the XXXII Olympiad are analyzed separately; particular emphasis has been put on the transfer of the marathon and race walk competition from Tokyo to Sapporo city and on the postponement of the Games till 2021 due to the threat of the COVID-19 virus spread, etc. Based on the available data as of May 2020, a number of trends related to the cost items of the main groups are indicated. Based on the materials of this article the author concludes that the largest expenses at the pre-Olympic stage are borne by the nominal group of state, within which the shares of Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee are conditionally equal. Keywords: Olympic Games, the Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee, Olympic Games cost structure, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the Tokyo 2020 Bidding Committee, the International Olympic Committee, the economics of the Olympic Games, pre-Olympic stage, the Games of the XXXII Olympiad, Olympic Solidarity program.

The Ultimate Move

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Llewellyn ◽  
John Gleaves
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Professional Sport ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Television Broadcasting ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
The Olympic Games

This chapter discusses the continued decline of amateurism in the late twentieth century. As professional sport grew in popularity, the lines between amateurism and professionalism blurred further. An expanding global media apparatus, in concert with avaricious corporations and shrewd marketing agencies, transformed professional athletes into global sporting icons. The Olympic Movement faced higher competition. Although the fusion of nationalism and Citius, Altius, Fortius made the Olympic Games an attractive commodity, the Internatioal Olympic Commitee's eligibility code—and the forced prohibition of some of the world's leading athletes—dampened the spectacle. Public condemnations and accusations of hypocrisy damaged the Olympic brand. With multimillion dollar television broadcasting deals at stake, Olympic officials displayed an unwillingness to make the necessary sacrifices to preserve amateurism.

scholarly journals The Sources and Interpretation of Olympic Law

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark James ◽  
Guy Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
London 2012 ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Olympic Games

AbstractIn this article, Mark James and Guy Osborn discuss how the relationships between the various members of the Olympic Movement are governed by the Olympic Charter and the legal framework within which an edition of the Olympic Games is organised. The legal status of the Charter and its interpretation by the Court of Arbitration for Sport are examined to identify who is subject to its terms and how challenges to its requirements can be made. Finally, by using the UK legislation that has been enacted to regulate advertising and trading at London 2012, the far-reaching and sometimes unexpected reach of Olympic Law is explored.

scholarly journals ЕПІСТЕМОЛОГІЯ ЯВИЩА «ТРАНСГЕНДЕР» У СУЧАСНОМУ ОЛІМПІЙСЬКОМУ СПОРТІ

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-202
Author(s):  
Сергій Лазоренко ◽  
◽  
Дмитро Балашов ◽  
Микола Чхайло
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Olympic Movement ◽  
Doping In Sports ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Olympic Sport

Relevance of the Research Topic. The forthcoming Olympic Games in July 2021 in Tokyo – the capital of the rising Sun country – in the view of most heads of international sports federations, which absolutely support the aspects of the current Olympic concept, and the athletes preparing to demonstrate the best sides of modern Olympic sports during the Tokyo Olympic Games, can become most scandalous in the context of determining the winners of the Games, the fairness of Olympic records, especially in women’s competitions and Athletes-Transgenders’ participation in the Games. In the history of the modern Olympic movement, these will be the first Olympics Games in which, alongside biological women, will compete representatives of the male half of humanity, who have artificially changed gender. The last four years, following the Games in Rio de Janeiro, have been marked by a total struggle against doping in sports. The purpose of the research is to study the issues of transgender ontology in modern Olympic sport and solutions to this problem. Being used research methods are analysis, comparison and generalization of historical information and its systematization according to the dialectic of the problem’s development. Results of the study. The International Olympic Committee has decided to purge modern Olympic sports from this shameful phenomenon, because peaceful Olympic rivalry is a demonstration of the individual qualities of the athlete, not a rivalry of the modern achievements in medicine and pharmacology. This struggle demonstrated the fundamental position of the IOC towards athletes, teams and national teams, who, for the sake of high sport achievements, used prohibited pharmacological drugs, manipulated of doping tests, etc. in the preparation for official competitions. The result of this struggle is the removal of specified subjects from participation in 2021 Games. Conclusions. The authors of the article tried to explore the dialectic of the transgender phenomenon in modern Olympic sports and to identify aspects of the IOC policy regarding the admission of transgender athletes to the 2021 Summer Olympics.

scholarly journals Volunteerism in the Olympic sport

2018 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Iryna Boiko ◽  
Lidiia Radchenko
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Media Centers ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Technological Support ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
The Media ◽  
Olympic Sport ◽  
The Olympic Games

Objective: to examine the trends in establishment and development of the volunteer movement in the system of Olympic sport and to justify the ways to involve various segments of the Ukrainian population in volunteering. Methods. Analysis of specialized literature, documentary materials, and Internet resources, historical and logical analysis, structural and functional analysis, surveying, methods of mathematical statistics. Results and conclusions. The study identified the main trends that are inherent in the Olympic volunteer movement, in particular the important role of the latest computer technologies; an expanding of the range of functional responsibilities and an increase in the total number of people wishing to assist in the organization of the Olympic Games; an increase in the percentage of foreigners among volunteers of the event; a decrease in the mean age of volunteers; a strengthening of the rules for selecting and expanding the content of training programs for Olympic volunteers with each Olympic cycle. The areas of volunteers' activities at the Olympic Games were examined, in the framework of which it is appropriate to carry out their training: interaction with IOC, NOC, ISF; coordination of arrivals and departures; participation in ceremonies; assistance to the organization of doping control; provision of protocol services to officials; technological support; assistance to the work of media-centers; coordination of transportation services; assistance to the accreditation service; volunteering at the Olympic events; linguistic services; catering services. The promising ways for the development of volunteer activity in Ukraine as a component of the development of the Olympic movement were justified and their effectiveness was determined: creation of the sections on volunteer activities on sports organizations' websites; development and implementation of special educational programs; development of measures aimed at attracting people to volunteering; creation of volunteer training centers; inclusion of the topic “Sports and Olympic volunteering" into educational programs of educational institutions; coverage of sports volunteering issues in textbooks on physical education for educational institutions; carrying out the studies on the issues of sports volunteering in educational institutions; promotion of the volunteer movement in the media; establishing links between sports and volunteer organizations; introduction of the practice of engaging sports volunteers to other areas of voluntary assistance. Keywords: volunteer, volunteer at the Olympic games, the Olympic sport.

scholarly journals Prevalence of therapeutic use exemptions at the Olympic Games and association with medals: an analysis of data from 2010 to 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (15) ◽  
pp. 920-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Vernec ◽  
David Healy
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Therapeutic Use ◽  
Potential Confounder ◽  
Elite Sport ◽  
Calculated Risk ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Risk Ratios ◽  
The Olympic Games

ObjectivesThe percentage of athletes with Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) competing in elite sport and the association with winning medals has been a matter of speculation in the absence of validated competitor numbers. We used International Olympic Committee (IOC) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) data to identify athletes competing with TUEs at five Olympic Games (Games) and a possible association between having a TUE and winning an Olympic medal.MethodsWe used the IOC’s competition results and WADA’s TUE database to identify the number of TUEs for athlete competitions (ACs, defined as one athlete competing in one event) and any associations with medals among athletes competing in individual competitions. We calculated risk ratios (RR) for the probability of winning a medal among athletes with a TUE compared with that of athletes without a TUE. We also reported adjusted RR (RRadj) controlling for country resources, which is a potential confounder.ResultsDuring the Games from 2010 to 2018, there were 20 139 ACs and 2062 medals awarded. Athletes competed with a TUE in 0.9% (181/20 139) of ACs. There were 21/2062 medals won by athletes with a TUE. The RR for winning a medal with a TUE was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.73 to 1.65; p=0.54), and the RRadj was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.69 to 1.56; p=0.73).ConclusionThe number of athletes competing with valid TUEs at Games is <1%. Our results suggested that there is no meaningful association between being granted a TUE and the likelihood of winning a medal.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document