Article 19: The Right to Protection from All Forms of Violence

Article 19 defines violence broadly to include all forms of harm, encompassing physical, mental and sexual violence as well as non-intentional forms of harm, such as neglect. As such, Article 19 articulates full respect for the human dignity and physical and personal integrity of children as rights-bearing individuals. This requires a paradigm shift of caregiving and protection away from the perception of children primarily as victims. Article 19 sets out a comprehensive prohibition on all forms of violence towards children and enjoins State Parties to take all form all measures available to enforce this right. This article summarizes the four main attributes of Article 19 as follows: (1) All violence towards children is prohibited, frequency or severity of harm need not be demonstrated and violence is defined broadly to encompass all forms of violence towards children, personal, social and institutional, including physical and emotional harm as well as neglect, maltreatment, sexual abuse, and abandonment; (2) the right protects children from harm from their parents and legal guardians as well as when they are in the care of proxy caregivers, including school officials, hospital staff, daycares, sports programs, as well as custodial settings and alternative care arrangements; (3) States are required to give effect to this right through all appropriate measures: legislative, administrative, social and educational; and finally the call for comprehensive measures to eradicate violence against children is reinforced by the final attribute (4) this attribute insists that the range of interventions required to give effect to Article 19 rights includes measures to ensure effective identification, reporting, investigation, and treatment of all forms of harm to children.

“The Competitive Season and Off-Season”: Preliminary Research concerning the Sport-Specific Performance, Stress, and Sleep in Elite Male Adolescent Basketball Athletes

Background: Through scholastic sports programs, adolescent athletes compete to represent their communities. However, few studies investigate the changes in physiological and mental profiles during varied sport periodization among this population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the changes in sports performance and stress-related biomarkers between the competitive season (CS) and off-season (OS) in elite adolescent basketball players. Method: Nine elite Division I male basketball players (age: 15–18 years. old) participated in this study. Basketball-specific performance, salivary dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)/cortisol levels, mood state, and sleep quality were all accessed during the CS and OS periods. Results: The training load during OS was 26.0% lower than CS (p = 0.001). Muscle mass, aerobic capacity, 10 m sprint, and Abalakov jump (AJ) power during OS were greater than that during CS (+2.2–9.8%, p < 0.05), but planned agility was greater during CS (p = 0.003). The salivary DHEA-S/cortisol was greater during CS than during OS (p = 0.039). The overall mood state and sleep quality did not differ between periods, but the POMS-tension was higher during CS (p = 0.005). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that muscle mass, aerobic capacity, peak AJ power, and 10 m sprint performance, but not planned agility, were greater during OS compared to CS among elite adolescent basketball players. Furthermore, the stress-related responses reflected by the D/C ratio and mood tension were relatively lower during the OS in these athletes. Thus, this study suggests that coaches and sport science professionals should closely monitor athletes’ training states across varied training/competition periods to better react to modifying training or recovery plans.

Effect of maturity timing on the physical performance of male Polish basketball players aged 13 to 15 years

The aims of this study were (i) to identify the motor potential and basic anthropometric characteristics of Polish basketball players aged 13 to 15 years, (ii) to demonstrate the effect of maturity timing on the results achieved in motor tests and basic body composition parameters, and (iii) to determine which index contributes most to the prediction of performance in the individual tests of speed, jumping ability, agility, and endurance. The sample included 818 male Polish players. Analysis of values related to age-adjusted characteristics showed that in the under 13-year-old group, early maturers had significantly better results (except for stage 1 in the agility test) than average maturers. However, in the endurance test in the under 14- and 15-year-old groups (both distance covered and VO2max), the average maturers obtained higher values. Furthermore, maturity differentiation in the under 14- and 15-year-old groups significantly affected body size, 20-m sprinting time (under 14-year-old group only), and the results of all jumping tests. ANCOVA results (age, body height, and body mass as covariates) showed better results of early maturers in the under 13-year-old group. The opposite trend was observed in the under 14- to 15-year-old groups, where early maturing individuals performed worse in the running vertical jump (VJ) and endurance tests (both distances covered and VO2max). Maturity timing (VJ and VO2max), chronological age (5 m, 10 m, 20 m, agility, and VO2max tests), body height (all tests), body mass (5 m), and the interaction between body mass and height (10 m, 20 m, agility, standing vertical jump, vertical jump) were significant (adjusted R2 = 0.08–0.25; p < 0.001) predictors of motor skills. These findings can be helpful in quantifying and controlling the results of youth sports programs adjusted to biological requirements used in the training process.

Do Sports Programs Prevent Crime and Reduce Reoffending? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effectiveness of Sports Programs

Objectives Sports programs are widely implemented as measures of crime prevention. In contrast to their popularity, there is little systematic knowledge about their effectiveness. This systematic review and meta-analysis have been carried out to fill this gap. In a systematic review, we gathered data on evaluated prevention programs specifically designed to prevent crime and delinquency. We then conducted a meta-analytic integration with studies using at least roughly equivalent control groups for the program evaluation. Method To retrieve relevant literature, we conducted a comprehensive international literature search until June 2021 drawing on scientific databases. We also applied snow-balling searches and contacted practitioners in the field. Studies were eligible if they evaluated sports programs designed to prevent delinquency on primary, secondary, and/or tertiary level. We focused on crime-related outcomes and potentially underlying psycho-social factors. We made no restrictions regarding characteristics of the participants or other aspects such as duration of the program. Results 24 studies were eligible for our systematic review, from which only thirteen were included into our meta-analytic integration. We found a moderate effect of participation in sports programs on crime-related outcomes (d = 0.36, p < .001). Participants showed a significant decrease in outcomes such as aggressiveness or anti-social behavior. We also analyzed psychological outcomes such as self-esteem or mental well-being, which also significantly improved when participating in sports programs (d = 0.87, p < ..05). Conclusions Sports programs seem to be an effective measure of crime prevention. However, future research needs more sound evaluation designs and moderator analyses to better understand the functioning and improve the implementation of sports programs.

Upaya Masyarakat dalam Mengatasi Dekadensi Moral Remaja di Gampong Beunot, Syamtalira Bayu, Aceh Utara

Adolescence is a phase of life experienced by every individual from childhood to adulthood, at this time adolescents are very vulnerable to negative influences, such as theft, drug use, and other things that trigger deviant behavior. The surrounding environment greatly influences the formation of a teenager's character, because teenagers generally spend more of their time in association with their friends or with the surrounding community. Gampong Beunot is the most densely populated village in Syamtalira Bayu District, its heterogeneous population makes the Gampong Beunot community more open. Even though society is more open, social phenomena are also unavoidable, especially with regard to teenagers, from 2010 to 2017 Gampong Beunot is the Gampong with the most frequent occurrence of moral decadence, this causes public unrest and discomfort then the condition changes to a more better over time compared to the past. This is undeniable because the community has made various efforts and efforts, from the preventive, persuasive to the repressive stages which of course will face various obstacles. This type of research is a qualitative research that uses field research methods using primary and secondary data. The data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. The findings of this study indicate that the preventive measures taken by the Gampong Beunot community in overcoming the moral decadence of adolescents are by holding regular recitations, counseling, sports programs, women's programs, and curfew rules, while Persuasive steps taken by the Gampong Beunot community are persuasive communication and exclamation banners, and also for repressive actions carried out by the Gampong Beunot community, namely by giving customary sanctions, criminal penalties, besides that the Gampong Beunot community also has several obstacles in overcoming the moral decadence of teenagers namely the apathy of society, uncooperative parents of teenagers, and teenagers who have a brutal and aggressive nature.

A Study of Social Integration through Sports Program among Migrant Women in Korea

This study aimed to examine sports programs at multicultural family support centers located throughout the country and present the possibility of social integration through the sports programs. The multicultural sports program showed that it affected the ability of migrant women in international marriages to socially integrate with other women like themselves, their husbands, and the natives, and also affected themselves. In order to clarify the purpose of the research, in-depth interviews were carried out. The collected material was transcribed, encoded, and classified. The results were analyzed from the perspective of sports’ physical, psychological, and social functions. This social integration was shown to be more effective than any other program at the multicultural family support center. Regarding their relationship with their husbands, the program provided opportunities for deepening their mutual understanding. The sports program was also utilized as a place of leisure for the women as well, and it was discovered that sports activities were being used as a means of resolving stress. The migrant women’s life radius and interpersonal relations were small due to their limited linguistic abilities. They provided opportunities to form confidence in their Korean life.

THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF SPORTS ON RELIEVING CHRONIC FATIGUE

ABSTRACT Introduction Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a group of long-term fatigue; the rest is difficult to achieve. At the same time, it is accompanied by corresponding physical dysfunction and psychological and mental symptoms. It is very meaningful to find exercise countermeasures to cope with chronic fatigue syndrome actively. Object This article analyzes the current students’ CFS to realize the cognition of the disease. At the same time, it analyzes the effect of sports on the treatment of chronic fatigue to help students formulate related sports programs. Method The article conducts a related questionnaire survey and analysis of students and analyzes CFS and exercise status symptoms. Results Generally, students with CFS did not actively participate in sports and had poor physical fitness, especially muscle endurance and cardiopulmonary function. However, students who actively participate in sports training basically do not have CFS. Conclusion CFS students should strengthen physical exercise and improve the CFS situation through exercise. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Sociological Analysis of Chinese Sports Viewers with Differences in Social Capital

Despite the swift growth of China’s sports programs, the sports audience in China vary markedly in terms of social class and urban types. Thus, understanding the audience characteristics of Chinese sports programs is of utmost socioeconomic significance for the development of sports programs. This study aims to investigate the population of different social capital and regions through the Internet and uses an ologist to perform regression analysis. People with different social capital exhibited significant differences in the love of sports programs, with significant social divisions. In addition, the differences in the groups’ love for sports programs in different regions were significant, suggesting field differences among the audiences of Chinese sports programs. Besides, we found that although sports programs are a type of public social resources, the Chinese audience’s preference for sports programs is affected by social capital and regional differences. In general, this study is helpful for the government and the media to formulate targeted sports planning policies, further promoting the development of sports and promoting the improvement of business model under industry 4.0.

Interventions Targeting the Wellbeing of Migrant Youths: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Migration can affect the physical, mental, emotional, and social wellbeing of individuals and families. This study provides an overview of interventions aimed at improving the wellbeing of young migrants. It identifies knowledge gaps and provides direction for future research. The review process comprises a systematic search of six academic databases, and websites for relevant peer-reviewed and gray literature on the topic. A total of 2,911 records were identified, of which 28 studies met our eligibility criteria for inclusion. Thematic analysis comprised of the description of study characteristics and outcome themes. EPHPP and CASP tools were utilized to assess the methodological quality of studies. The review findings indicate a number of approaches with varying effectivity, however, arts, music, and sports programs showed good results for youth across all migrant groups. Our findings call for further and more high-quality evaluation research, with longitudinal designs that ideally include stakeholder collaboration.