Research integrity and the law that never was

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 218-224
Author(s):  
Martin Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Research Integrity ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Remedial Measures ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Look Back ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Transparency ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
Modern Era

Evidence-based medicine is arguably among the most important innovations of the modern era, but publication bias and inadequate research transparency are serious issues affecting the very foundation of evidence-based practice. Despite this truth, these crucial issues have gone largely unaddressed or inadequately addressed for a distressingly long period of time. Regulatory efforts have thus far proven insufficient in eliminating these issues. Fortunately, the last 5 years in particular have seen developments that one hopes will contribute to the eradication of these issues and a future where we can look back on these issues as a sordid story of our past. However, much like the purported fixes of the past, time will be the final arbiter of the efficacy of remedial measures currently underway. This article chronicles the history of these issues, failed attempts to fix these issues, and what can be and is being done with the hope of bringing about true resolution.

The Fall of Tripoli in 1289 in the Perception of Christian Communities of the Middle East

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
К.А. Панченко
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Religious Polemics

Abstract The article examines the conquest of the County of Tripoli by the Mamelukes in 1289, and the reaction of various Middle Eastern ethnoreligious groups to this event. Along with the Monophysite perspective (the Syriac chronicle of Bar Hebraeus’ Continuator and the work of the Coptic historian Mufaddal ibn Abi-l-Fadail), and the propagandist texts of Muslim Arabic panegyric poets, we will pay special attention to the historical memory of the Orthodox (Melkite) and Maronite communities of northern Lebanon. The contemporary of these events — the Orthodox author Suleiman al-Ashluhi, a native of one of the villages of the Akkar Plateau — laments the fall of Tripoli in his rhymed eulogy. It is noteworthy that this author belongs to the rural Melkite subculture, which — in spite of its conservative character — was capable of producing original literature. Suleiman al-Ashluhi’s work was forsaken by the following generations of Melkites; his poem was only preserved in Maronite manuscripts. Maronite historical memory is just as fragmented. The father of the Modern Era Maronite historiography — Gabriel ibn al-Qilaʿî († 1516) only had fragmentary information on the history of his people in the 13th century: local chronicles and the heroic epos that glorified the Maronite struggle against the Muslim lords that tried to conquer Mount Lebanon. Gabriel’s depiction of the past is not only biased and subject to aims of religious polemics, but also factually inaccurate. Nevertheless, the texts of Suleiman al-Ashluhi and Gabriel ibn al-Qilaʿî give us the opportunity to draw conclusions on the worldview, educational level, political orientation and peculiar traits of the historical memory of various Christian communities of Mount Lebanon.

scholarly journals Bernard Williams on the History of Ethical Views and Practices

Philosophy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-243
Author(s):  
Tim Heysse
Keyword(s):  
Bernard Williams ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Look Back ◽  
History Of ◽  
David Wiggins

How should we look back on the history and the origins of our ethical outlook and our way of life? We know that in the past, strange and appalling ethical views and practices have enjoyed widespread and sincere support. Yet we do not regard our contemporary outlook – to the extent that we do, at the present, have a common outlook – as one option among many. However bemused we may feel in ethical matters, at least on some issues we claim to have reasons that are good (enough). If we do not object to the use of the predicate ‘true’ in ethics, we may say that we are confronted with the (ethical) truth of an outlook. Or, to echo a provocative expression of David Wiggins, we claim that ‘there is nothing else to think’.

Rhabdomyolysis: An evidence-based approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 175114372110507
Author(s):  
Sarah Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Overload ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Past Medical History ◽  
Urine Dipstick ◽  
The Past ◽  
Acting Insulin ◽  
History Of

A 76-year-old lady was found on the floor following a fall at home. She was uninjured, but unable to get up, and had been lying on the floor for roughly 18 hours before her son arrived. She had been unwell for the past 3 days with a cough and shortness of breath. She had a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and atrial fibrillation (AF). On examination, she was alert but distressed, clinically dehydrated, febrile and tachycardic. She was treated for community acquired pneumonia with co-amoxiclav and was fluid resuscitated with Hartmann’s solution. Her hyperkalaemia was treated with 50 mL of 50% glucose containing 10 units of rapid-acting insulin. Her creatinine kinase (CK) on admission was 200,000, and she had an acute kidney injury (AKI). Urine dipstick was positive for blood. However, her renal function continued to deteriorate over the succeeding 48 h, when she required renal replacement therapy (RRT) due to fluid overload and anuria.

Historical Landmarks in the Hundred Years’ War on Palestine

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid I. Khalidi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Security Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Hundred Years War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era

This essay argues that what has been going on in Palestine for a century has been mischaracterized. Advancing a different perspective, it illuminates the history of the last hundred years as the Palestinians have experienced it. In doing so, it explores key historical documents, including the Balfour Declaration, Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, and UN Security Council Resolution 242, none of which included the Palestinians in key decisions impacting their lives and very survival. What amounts to a hundred years of war against the Palestinians, the essay contends, should be seen in comparative perspective as one of the last major colonial conflicts of the modern era, with the United States and Europe serving as the metropole, and their extension, Israel, operating as a semi-independent settler colony. An important feature of this long war has been the Palestinians' continuing resistance, against heavy odds, to colonial subjugation. Stigmatizing such resistance as “terrorism” has successfully occluded the real history of the past hundred years in Palestine.

scholarly journals Historical perspective of neurology in Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shri Kant-Mishra ◽  
Hadi Mohammad Khanli ◽  
Golnoush Akhlaghipour ◽  
Ghazaleh Ahmadi Jazi ◽  
Shaweta Khosa1
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era

Iran is an ancient country, known as the cradle of civilization. The history of medicine in Iran goes back to the existence of a human in this country, divided into three periods: pre-Islamic, medieval, and modern period. There are records of different neurologic terms from the early period, while Zoroastrian (religious) prescription was mainly used until the foundation of the first medical center (Gondishapur). In the medieval period, with the conquest of Islam, prominent scientists were taught in Baghdad, like Avicenna, who referred to different neurologic diseases including stroke, paralysis, tremor, and meningitis. Several outstanding scientists developed the medical science of neurology in Iran, the work of whom has been used by other countries in the past and present. In the modern era, the Iranian Neurological Association was established with the efforts of Professor Jalal Barimani in 1991.

scholarly journals Miasmas, mental models and preventive public health: some philosophical reflections on science in the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisha Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Hierarchy Of Evidence ◽  
John Snow ◽  
History Of ◽  
Support Policy ◽  
Preventive Public Health ◽  
Based Medicine

When the history of the COVID-19 pandemic is written, it is likely to show that the mental models held by scientists sometimes facilitated their thinking, thereby leading to lives saved, and at other times constrained their thinking, thereby leading to lives lost. This paper explores some competing mental models of how infectious diseases spread and shows how these models influenced the scientific process and the kinds of facts that were generated, legitimized and used to support policy. A central theme in the paper is the relative weight given by dominant scientific voices to probabilistic arguments based on experimental measurements versus mechanistic arguments based on theory. Two examples are explored: the cholera epidemic in nineteenth century London—in which the story of John Snow and the Broad Street pump is retold—and the unfolding of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and early 2021—in which the evidence-based medicine movement and its hierarchy of evidence features prominently. In each case, it is shown that prevailing mental models—which were assumed by some to transcend theory but were actually heavily theory-laden—powerfully shaped both science and policy, with fatal consequences for some.

Evidence-Based Medicine

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R. Winslow
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Reporting Guidelines ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Treatment Benefits ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evidence Based Surgery ◽  
Key Resources ◽  
Based Medicine

Descriptions of “evidence-based” approaches to medical care are now ubiquitous in both the popular press and medical journals. The term evidence-based medicine (EBM) was first coined in 1992, and over the last two decades, the field has experienced rapid growth, and its principles now permeate both graduate medical education and clinical practice. The field of EBM has been in constant evolution since its introduction and continues to undergo refinements as its principles are tested and applied in a wide variety of clinical circumstances. This review presents a brief history of EBM, EBM: fundamental tenets, a critical appraisal of a single study, reporting guidelines for single studies, a critical appraisal of a body of evidence, evidence-based surgery, and limitations in EBM. Tables list strength of evidence for treatment decisions (EBM working group), Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine revised levels of evidence for treatment benefits , “4S” approach to finding resources for EBM, critical appraisal of individual studies examining therapeutic decisions, reporting guidelines by study design, and key resources for evidence-based surgery. This review contains 6 tables and 85 references

Internal Mammary Artery Ligation versus Sham Sternotomy for Angina Pectoris

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Catanzaro
Keyword(s):  
Angina Pectoris ◽  
Internal Mammary Artery ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Artery Ligation ◽  
Sham Surgery ◽  
Internal Mammary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinical Questions ◽  
Based Medicine

This chapter provides a summary of a landmark historical study in cardiac surgery related to internal mammary artery ligation versus sham sternotomy for angina pectoris. It describes the history of the procedure and a summary of the study including study design and results, and relates the study to a modern-day principle of evidence-based medicine: blinding and sham surgery. Whether or not sham surgery is ethical remains under debate. Proponents for sham surgery agree that it should be used only when a question cannot be answered adequately by other methods. Cobb and his colleagues were among the first to demonstrate the value of sham studies in addressing important clinical questions.

scholarly journals LA CATTEDRALE, CUORE RELIGIOSO DELLA CITTA'

1970 ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Paola Vismara
Keyword(s):  
Religious Life ◽  
Ancien Regime ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancien Régime ◽  
The City

Riassunto.–Si ripercorrono alcune tappe del ruolo del Duomo di Milano nella storia della città, per grandissime linee. In tale sede, almeno sino alla fine dell’ancien régime, avevano luogo i grandi eventi della vita politica e civile, seppur non senza tensioni. La cattedrale era il cuore della città, in primo luogo il cuore liturgico e pastorale della vita religiosa. Si segnala lo sfarzo delle cerimonie straordinarie che vi si svolgevano, il ruolo della musica e, in particolare, la funzione del luogo e delle sue cerimonie nel contesto dell’azione degli arcivescovi. Seppur in forme diverse rispetto alpassato, alcuni aspetti della ritualità e della centralità del Duomo giungono sino ai nostri giorni.***Abstract.–The article offers an overview of the history of the cathedral of Milanin the context of the city. For a long period - at least until the end of the ancien régime - the Duomo housed the most important events of the city and was often thetheatre of tensions between ecclesiastical and political authorities. The cathedral wasthe heart of the city and the center of pastoral activities and of religious life. Splendid ceremonies, often accompanied by music, took place in the Duomo, highlighting the importance of the bishops in the city. Even thouh in a different way compared to the past, some aspects of the rituality and centrality of the Duomo are stillrelevant today.

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