Association among age, gender, menopausal status and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesSmall dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) might be a better cardiovascular disease (CVD) indicator than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); however, details regarding its epidemiology remain elusive. The present study aimed at evaluating the association between the demographic factors, such as age, gender and menopausal status, and sdLDL-C levels and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio in the Japanese population.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.Setting13 rural districts in Japan, 2010–2017.ParticipantsThis study included 5208 participants (2397 men and 2811 women), who underwent the health mass screening that was conducted in accordance with the medical care system for the elderly and obtained informed consent for this study.ResultsIn total, 517 premenopausal women (mean age ±SD, 45.1±4.2 years), 2294 postmenopausal women (66.5±8.8 years) and 2397 men (64.1±11.2 years) were analysed. In men, the sdLDL-C levels and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio increased during younger adulthood, peaked (36.4 mg/dL, 0.35) at 50–54 years, and then decreased. In women, relatively regular increasing trends of sdLDL-C level and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio until approximately 65 years (32.7 mg/dL, 0.28), followed by a downward or pleated trend. Given the beta value of age, body mass index, fasting glucose and smoking and drinking status by multiple linear regression analysis, standardised sdLDL-C levels and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio in 50-year-old men, premenopausal women and postmenopausal women were 26.6, 22.7 and 27.4 mg/dL and 0.24, 0.15 and 0.23, respectively. The differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal women were significant (p<0.001).ConclusionsSdLDL-C and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratios showed different distributions by age, gender and menopausal status. A subgroup-specific approach would be necessary to implement sdLDL-C for CVD prevention strategies, fully considering age-related trends, gender differences and menopausal status.

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Effects of Age, Gender, and Menopausal Status on Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Fractions; JMS-II Cohort Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-34566/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Toshihide Izumida ◽

Yosikazu Nakamura ◽

Yukihiro Sato ◽

Shizukiyo Ishikawa

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Menopausal Status ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Age Related ◽

Effect Of Age

Abstract Background:Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) might be a better cardiovascular disease (CVD) indicator than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); however, details regarding its epidemiology remain elusive. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of age, gender, and menopausal status on sdLDL-C levels and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio in the Japanese population.Methods:We examined the baseline cross-sectional data from the Jichi Medical School-II Cohort Study, including 5,208 participants (2,397 men and 2,811 women). To assess age-related trends, the sdLDL-C and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratios were plotted against gender. We evaluated the effect of age and menopausal status using multiple linear regression analysis.Results:We observed that in men, the sdLDL-C levels and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio increased during younger adulthood, peaked at 50–54 years, and then decreased. In women, we observed relatively regular increasing trends of sdLDL-C level and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio until approximately 65 years, followed by a downward or pleated trend. The crossover of sdLDL-C levels for the genders occurred at 70–74 years, but we could not observe any sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio crossover. Standardized sdLDL-C levels and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio in 50-year old men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women were 26.6, 22.7, and 27.4 mg/dL and 0.24, 0.15, and 0.23, respectively. The differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal women were significant (P<0.001).Conclusions:sdLDL-C and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratios show different distributions by age, gender, and menopausal status with trends different from other lipids. A subgroup-specific approach would be necessary to implement sdLDL-C for CVD prevention strategies, fully considering age-related trends, gender differences, and menopausal status.

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Comparison of Food and Nutrient Intakes between Japanese Dyslipidemic Patients with and without Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering Drug Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis ◽

10.5551/jat.52316 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

pp. 683-694

Author(s):

Noriko Kameyama ◽

Chizuko Maruyama ◽

Yuri Shijo ◽

Ariko Umezawa ◽

Aisa Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Therapy ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lowering Drug

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Elevated Cardiovascular Risks among Postmenopausal Women: A Community Based Case Control Study from Nepal

Biochemistry Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/3824903 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Bashu Dev Pardhe ◽

Sumitra Ghimire ◽

Jyotsna Shakya ◽

Sabala Pathak ◽

Shreena Shakya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Hormonal Changes ◽

Cardiovascular Risks ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Near Future

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide which is more prevalent in women after menopause. Hormonal changes associated with menopause are accountable for dyslipidemic pattern that causes CVD and associated complications. Therefore, the present study was commenced to compare the lipid profile in pre- and postmenopausal women. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences (MMIHS) from February 2016 to July 2016. A total of 260 fasting samples were collected from healthy women, 130 from premenopausal and 130 from postmenopausal women, and analyzed for Total Cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol (TAG), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) as per the guideline provided by the reagent manufacturer (Human, Germany). All the parameters were analyzed by Stat Fax 3300 semi auto analyzer. TC, TAG, HDL-C, and LDL-C were highly significantly increased in postmenopausal women when compared to premenopausal women. LDL/HDL ratio was significantly elevated in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. BMI was significantly positively correlated with TC and TAG in both pre- and postmenopausal population and it was positively correlated with HDL-C in premenopausal population while negatively correlated in postmenopausal population. Since more of the atherogenic lipid parameters are increased in postmenopausal women, they appear to be more prone to have CVD and associated complications in near future. Hence, it is mandatory to monitor and manage dyslipidemic pattern in every woman experiencing menopause.

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Impact of improved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol assessment on guideline classification in the modern treatment era—Results from a racially diverse Brazilian cross-sectional study

Journal of Clinical Lipidology ◽

10.1016/j.jacl.2019.07.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 804-811.e2 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vincent A. Pallazola ◽

Vasanth Sathiyakumar ◽

Oluseye Ogunmoroti ◽

Oluwaseun Fashanu ◽

Steven R. Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Racially Diverse ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Modern Treatment

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Clinical Significance of Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Measurements: Direct Versus Indirect Method

Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital ◽

10.3126/mjsbh.v15i1.14939 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 17-25

Author(s):

Manushri Sharma ◽

HS Batra ◽

Mithu Banerjee ◽

Arabinda Mohan Bhattarai ◽

Deeptika Agarwal

Keyword(s):

Direct Method ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Friedewald Formula

Introduction: Estimation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is crucial in management of coronary artery disease patients. The management of dyslipidemia is largely based on the concentration of LDL-C. The objective of this study was to compare direct measurement of LDL-C determined by a homogenous method with LDL-C estimation done by Friedewald formula (FF) in heterogeneous populations. Methods: In this cross sectional study, we measured LDL-C by homogenous method (D-LDL-C) in 1,000 fasting samples & compared with FF (F–LDL-C) used for calculation of LDL-C. The measurements of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were performed using traditional enzymatic methods. The measurements of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-C were performed using direct methods with precipitation, and the estimation of the LDL-C fraction was calculated using the FF. Results: Correlation analysis shows that the two methods had significant correlation (p<0.0001). However the FF had positive bias in regard to direct method with TG levels ≤150 mg/dL. No bias was observed between the methods for TG levels from 151-200 mg/dL & from 201-300 mg/dL. Whereas, TG levels from 301-400 mg/dL shows negative bias by FF. Conclusion: The Friedewald’s formula does not shows homogenous performance for estimating LDL-C levels in samples with different TG levels as compared with that of direct method.

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