Althesin: a new intravenous steroid anaesthetic

1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 51-52
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Cremophor El ◽  
Intravenous Steroid

The anaesthetic effects of pregnanedione and other related steroids were first described in 1941.1 Hydroxydione was the first drug in this group to be used clinically, but it had serious disadvantages.2 Althesin (Glaxo) is a mixture of two water-insoluble pregnanedione derivatives, alphaxalone and alphadolone, dissolved in Cremophor EL (polyoxyethylated castor oil), for intravenous injection. Alphaxalone is the major constituent; alpha-dolone is less potent and is put in to make alphaxalone more soluble in Cremophor. The solution is viscous, but slightly less so than that of propanidid (Epontol - Bayer), which also contains Cremophor.

scholarly journals The polyoxyethylene castor oil Cremophor EL modifies multidrug resistance

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Schuurhuis ◽  
HJ Broxterman ◽  
HM Pinedo ◽  
ThHM van Heijningen ◽  
CK van Kalken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Cremophor El

Antidiarrhoeal activity of the 80% methanol root extract of Thalictrum ryhnchocarpum Dill. & A. Rich and its major constituent against castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Kebede Feyisa ◽  
Daniel Bisrat ◽  
Solomon Tadesse ◽  
Kaleab Asres
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Root Extract

No Abstract.

Haematopoietic Radioprotection by Cremophor EL: A Polyethoxylated Castor Oil

1995 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bertoncello ◽  
A.B. Kriegler ◽  
D.M. Woodcock ◽  
B. Williams ◽  
L. Barber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Cremophor El

Paclitaxel Stability and Compatibility in Polyolefin Containers

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Chin ◽  
Radha R. Ramakrishnan ◽  
Norman N. Yoshimura ◽  
Erwin W.S. Jeong ◽  
Leslie J. Nii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Cremophor El ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Ph Changes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fluorescent Lighting

OBJECTIVE: To determine the compatibility and stability of paclitaxel in polyolefin containers. DESIGN: The following paclitaxel concentrations were determined by a stability-indicating HPLC method: 0.3 and 1.2 mg/mL diluted in dextrose 5% for injection, USP (D5W) or sodium chloride 0.9% for injection, USP (NS). The solutions were prepared in polyolefin containers and the stability and compatibility were monitored for 48 hours when stored at ambient temperature (20–23 °C)and normal fluorescent lighting. A mixture of the drug carrier consisting of approximately 10% polyoxyethylated castor oil (Cremophor EL) and 10% ethanol in D5W and NS, without paclitaxel, was studied to differentiate the effect of paclitaxel from the effect of the drug carrier on the container. Paclitaxel concentrations, pH changes, and visual clarity were used as stability and compatibility indicators. RESULTS: Paclitaxel concentrations remained at 96–99 percent of the initial concentration for up to 48 hours when placed in the polyolefin containers. No changes in color or visual clarity were noted. Only minor changes in the pH of the admixtures were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Paclitaxel diluted in D5W or NS at concentrations of 0.3 and 1.2 mg/mL is stable and compatible in flexible, polyolefin containers for up to 48 hours.

Continuous measurements of plasma protein extravasation with microdialysis after various inflammatory challenges in rat and mouse skin

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (1) ◽  
pp. H108-H112 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Iversen ◽  
A. Brønstad ◽  
E.-A. B. Gjerde ◽  
R. K. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Drug Application ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Cremophor El ◽  
Protein Extravasation ◽  
Continuous Measurements ◽  
Plasma Protein Extravasation ◽  
Rats And Mice

This study describes the use of microdialysis technique for continuous measurement of plasma protein extravasation (PPE) in rat and mouse skin with drug application either intravenously or via the microdialysis fiber. Hollow plasmapheresis fibers (3-cm length, 0.4-mm diameter, cutoff 3,000 kDa) were placed subcutaneously on the back of anesthetized mice and rats. Intravenous injection of dextran (Macrodex, 60 mg/ml) increased PPE by 355% from baseline within 30 min in rats with ligated kidneys ( n = 6; P < 0.05) but not in animals with intact kidneys. Phalloidin (500 μg/kg iv 40 min before dextran, n = 6; P < 0.05) did not change the response to dextran in either group. Animals receiving PGE1, compound 48/80 (mice), paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cremophor EL via the microdialysis fiber were also provided with a control fiber receiving vehicle. Both rats and mice had constant PPE in the control fiber, and there was no change in PPE in the NaCl-treated groups (rats, n = 4; mice, n = 6). Application via the fiber of PGE1 (20 μg/ml), compound 48/80 (mice; 4 mg/ml), and docetaxel (0.5 mg/ml) increased PPE compared with baseline within 60 min by 139% ( n = 6; P < 0.05), 273% ( n = 6; P < 0.05), and 325% ( n = 5; P < 0.05), respectively. Phalloidin alone did not increase PPE ( n = 5; P < 0.05). Pretreatment with phalloidin did not inhibit the increase after PGE1 or compound 48/80 but inhibited that after docetaxel ( n = 6). Paclitaxel (0.6 mg/ml, n = 5) or vehicle (Cremophor) ( n = 5) gave no increase in PPE. The results demonstrate that microdialysis can be used to continuously measure changes in PPE after inflammatory challenges in skin of rats and mice.

Differentiation of Malassezia species: selectivity of Cremophor EL, castor oil and ricinoleic acid for M. furfur

1997 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. MAYSER ◽  
P. HAZE ◽  
C. PAPAVASSILIS ◽  
M. PICKEL ◽  
K. GRUENDER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ricinoleic Acid ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Cremophor El ◽  
Malassezia Species ◽  
Species Selectivity

Effect of light intensity on the ultrastructure of the filamentous cyanobacterium, Anabaena variabilis

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 300-301
Author(s):  
C. S. Bricker ◽  
S. R. Barnum ◽  
B. Huang ◽  
J. G. Jaworskl
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Anabaena Variabilis ◽  
Chloroplast Envelope ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacterium ◽  
Photosynthetic Membrane ◽  
Effect Of Light

Cyanobacteria are Gram negative prokaryotes that are capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. Although there are many similarities between eukaryotes and cyanobacteria in electron transfer and phosphorylation during photosynthesis, there are two features of the photosynthetic apparatus in cyanobacteria which distinguishes them from plants. Cyanobacteria contain phycobiliproteins organized in phycobilisomes on the surface of photosynthetic membrane. Another difference is in the organization of the photosynthetic membranes. Instead of stacked thylakolds within a chloroplast envelope membrane, as seen In eukaryotes, IntracytopIasmlc membranes generally are arranged in three to six concentric layers. Environmental factors such as temperature, nutrition and light fluency can significantly affect the physiology and morphology of cells. The effect of light Intensity shifts on the ultrastructure of Internal membrane in Anabaena variabilis grown under controlled environmental conditions was examined. Since a major constituent of cyanobacterial thylakolds are lipids, the fatty acid content also was measured and correlated with uItrastructural changes. The regulation of fatty acid synthesis in cyanobacteria ultimately can be studied if the fatty acid content can be manipulated.

The Effect of Benzene on Bluegill Olfactory Lamellae

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 574-575
Author(s):  
D.R. Mattie ◽  
J.W. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Aquatic Biota ◽  
Normal Surface ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer

Jet fuels such as JP-4 can be introduced into the environment and come in contact with aquatic biota in several ways. Studies in this laboratory have demonstrated JP-4 toxicity to fish. Benzene is the major constituent of the water soluble fraction of JP-4. The normal surface morphology of bluegill olfactory lamellae was examined in conjunction with electrophysiology experiments. There was no information regarding the ultrastructural and physiological responses of the olfactory epithelium of bluegills to acute benzene exposure.The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of benzene on the surface morphology of the nasal rosettes of the bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Bluegills were exposed to a sublethal concentration of 7.7±0.2ppm (+S.E.M.) benzene for five, ten or fourteen days. Nasal rosettes were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2.0% paraformaldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1.25mM calcium chloride. Specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopy.

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