A multilevel analysis of risk and protective factors for Canadian youth injured or killed by interpersonal violence

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn E Snider ◽  
Marni Brownell ◽  
Brenden Dufault ◽  
Nicole Barrett ◽  
Heather Prior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Historical Trauma ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Violent Injury ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
The Government

PurposeThe study’s purpose was to determine individual-level and neighbourhood-level risk and protective factors for severe intentional injury among youth.MethodsWe conducted a multilevel case–control study using registry data to determine individual-level and neighbourhood-level social determinants associated with severe violent injury/homicide among youth from Winnipeg, Manitoba.ResultsThe study includes 13 206 youth, aged 12–24 years (1222 cases, 11 984 controls). Individual-level risk predictors of being a victim of violence were male sex (OR 5.72 (95% CI 4.77 to 6.86)) and First Nations (OR 2.76 (95% CI 2.32 to 3.29)). Education was inversely associated with victimisation for individuals under (OR 0.36 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.51)) and over (OR 0.58 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.69)) 18 years. Ever having been in protective care (OR 1.66 (95% CI 1.39 to 1.99)), receiving income assistance from the government (OR 1.26 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.51)) or ever having criminal charges (OR 4.76 (95% CI 4.08 to 5.56)) were also significant predictors of being a victim of violence. Neighbourhood-level risk factors for victimisation included low socioeconomic status (OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.25)) and high levels of assault (OR 1.07 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.10)).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates a complex web of risk and protective factors among youth injured by violence. It underscores the ongoing, injurious effects of historical trauma experienced by many Canadian First Nations people. Strong victim–perpetrator overlap suggests that intersectoral policies are needed to address these issues. Our findings highlight the need to improve education and family supports.

scholarly journals Dating violence (DV): a systematic meta-analysis review

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Gracia-Leiva ◽  
Alicia Puente-Martínez ◽  
Silvia Ubillos-Landa ◽  
Darío Páez-Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Deviant Peers ◽  
Peer Sexual Harassment ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Minority ◽  
Meta Analyses

This study summarizes the results of meta-analyses about risk and protective factors related to dating violence (DV). Fifteen studies were included from 1997 to 2018, N = 1784018. The results were classified according to ecological theory. The Zr’s were calculated for each factor and level of analyses, including the differences between victimization and perpetration effect sizes. According to the level of analysis, results showed that the effect sizes were greater for: (1) individual level: cigarette smoking, adolescent pregnancy (victimization) and sex (perpetration/victimization); (2) microsystem: peer sexual harassment, (victimization), peer DV, deviant peers and family violence (perpetration/ victimization); (3) Exosystem: age (victimization) and violent neighborhoods (perpetration/ victimization), and (4) macrosystem: cultural minority and disadvantaged neighborhoods (perpetration / victimization). DV protective factors which had lowest effect sizes were: parental and peers support; and highest effect sizes were in the exo and macro-level, and then in individual and micro-level. Furthermore, statistically significant differences between total effect sizes were found, being higher to victimization than perpetration. Delimiting the most important risk and protective factors on DV have important implications for prevention and intervention.

Do Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Offending Vary Across Indigenous and White Youth Followed Prospectively Through Full Adulthood?

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 1247-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan C. McCuish ◽  
Raymond R. Corrado
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Adolescent Offenders ◽  
White Youth ◽  
Indigenous Youth ◽  
Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Offending Trajectories ◽  
The Individual

Although Indigenous youth are overrepresented in justice systems across North America, Australia, and New Zealand, explanations for this overrepresentation are principally theoretical as data at the individual level are lacking. Risk for offending among Indigenous youth may be overestimated because of their typically more negative socioeconomic outcomes tied to historical injustices perpetrated by governments across different nations. Data on 403 adolescent offenders followed from ages 12 to 29 were used to examine offending trajectories and associated risk and protective factors across Indigenous and White participants. A greater number of social adversities characterized Indigenous youth, yet they did not differ from White youth in their likelihood of assignment to the highest rate offending trajectory. Culturally sensitive assessment of risk for offending is recommended.

scholarly journals Risk and protective factors for intention of contraception use among women in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 205510292097597
Author(s):  
Manik Ahuja ◽  
Esther Frimpong ◽  
Joy Okoro ◽  
Rajvi Wani ◽  
Sarah Armel
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Family Planning Programs ◽  
Contraception Use ◽  
The Government

The use of various forms of contraception in Ghana gained prominence after the government resorted to investing more in family planning programs when maternal mortality was declared an emergency in the country. In Ghana, the intention to use and actual usage of contraceptives is influenced by many factors, which may lead to non-usage or discontinuation. This quantitative study was conducted to determine risk and protective factors impacting on the intention and usage of contraceptives. Survey data from the Ghana 2014 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) ( n = 9396) was used. A sub-sample of 7661 women in their reproductive age were included in this study, who reported being sexually active within the last year. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to test the association between a broad range of risk and protective factors including religion, early sexual intercourse, frequency of sex, number of lifetime sexual partners with intention to use contraception. We controlled for income, educational attainment, and age. Overall ( n = 3661; 47.8%) reported no intention of contraception use. Logistic regression analysis revealed that no formal education (OR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.29–1.72; p < 0.001), and primary school as highest educational level (OR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.04–1.25; p < 0.001), Islamic religion (OR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59–0.90; p < 0.001), not currently employed (OR = 1.50; 95% CI, 1.34–1.69; p < 0.001), husband opposing contraception use (OR = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.42–3.46; p < 0.001), and currently pregnant (OR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09–1.54; p < 0.001) were also positively associated with no intention of use. Engaging religious leaders for advocacy in the community was identified as an approach to address barriers and increase awareness on contraceptive use. Targeted family planning programs should intensify public education on safe sex behaviors.

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