The effect of exposure to simulated ship fire-fighting spray systems on the transfer factor for the lung

1985 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-160
Author(s):  
Caroline S. M. Searing ◽  
F St C Golden
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Transfer Factor ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Before And After

SummaryThe effect of inhalation of sea water mists of four different intensities (10, 20, 30 and 40 1 m−2 min−1) from a firefighting sprinkler system was investigated in seven volunteer subjects. Measurements of transfer factor taken before and after exposure to the sprays showed no consistent changes. Those changes that were evident were more pronounced following exposure to the less intense sprays, but it was considered that these were attributable to diesel oil contamination on that occasion. The effects of aspiration of diesel contaminated water and the diurnal variation in transfer factor are discussed.

scholarly journals Simulation of Microbial Response to Accidental Diesel Spills in Basins Containing Brackish Sea Water and Sediment

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Yan ◽  
Nan Hui ◽  
Suvi Simpanen ◽  
Laura Tudeer ◽  
Martin Romantschuk
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Littoral Sediment

The brackish Baltic Sea is under diesel oil pollution risk due to heavy ship traffic. The situation is exasperated by densely distributed marinas and a vigorous although seasonal recreational boating. The seasonality and physical environmental variations hamper the monitoring of microbial communities in response to diesel oil spills. Hence, an 8-week simulation experiment was established in metal basins (containing 265 L sea water and 18 kg quartz sand or natural shore sand as the littoral sediment) to study the effect of accidental diesel oil spills on microbial communities. Our results demonstrated that microbial communities in the surface water responded to diesel oil contamination, whereas those in the littoral sediment did not, indicating that diesel oil degradation mainly happened in the water. Diesel oil decreased the abundance of bacteria and fungi, but increased bacterial diversity in the water. Time was the predominant driver of microbial succession, attributable to the adaption strategies of microbes. Bacteria were more sensitive to diesel oil contamination than fungi and archaea. Diesel oil increased relative abundances of bacterial phyla, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Flavobacteriia and Cytophagia, and fungal phylum Ascomycota in the surface water. Overall, this study improves the understanding of the immediate ecological impact of accidental diesel oil contamination, providing insights into risk management at the coastal area.

scholarly journals Diurnal variation effect in marine magnetometric surveys: clues from surveys in southeast Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Possamai Sergipe ◽  
Yára Regina Marangoni ◽  
Roberto Paulo Zanon dos Santos ◽  
Denise Silva de Moura ◽  
Luigi Jovane
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Observatory Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Corrected Data ◽  
Well Correlation ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Observatories

AbstractThe diurnal variation of the magnetic field cannot be predicted or modeled and for that reason, it is monitored during the magnetic surveys, usually by a stationary magnetometer. However, marine surveys have a practical issue with diurnal monitoring, owing to the distance between the survey, stationary magnetometers, and magnetic observatories. This work aims to verify the use of nearby magnetic observatories to estimate the diurnal variation correction in different marine surveys and evaluate its effectiveness. In this study, we selected surveys at the continental shelf near Santos city (Survey 1), continental slope next to the first survey location (Survey 2), continental shelf near Ubatuba city (Survey 3), and Mamanguá ria in the Paraty city (Survey 4), all southeast to the Brazilian coast. The crossing points were implemented to compare the magnetic field values at different times and days at the same measurement point, before and after the correction. Afterwards, we measure the Pearson’s Correlation of the raw data and the diurnal corrected data in all crossing points of each survey which showed an improvement after correction by the value approximating to 1, which indicates a very well correlation. The Ubatuba and Mamanguá surveys allowed comparing the observatory correction results with the base magnetometer results that were rather similar. Our analyses indicate a satisfactory diurnal correction using the observatory data and the crossing points approach, which can be used for every marine magnetometric survey worldwide placed near the coast (< 280 km) that do not have a stationary magnetometer available.

scholarly journals Characteristics of marine shipping emissions at berth: profiles for particulate matter and volatile organic compounds

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 9527-9545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Xiao ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
Mingliang Fu ◽  
Fanyuan Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Emissions from ships at berth play an important role regarding the exposure of high density human populations to atmospheric pollutants in port areas; however, these emissions are not well understood. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particle emissions from 20 container ships at berth were sampled and analyzed during the “fuel switch” period at Jingtang Port in Hebei Province, China. VOCs and particles were analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS), respectively. VOC analysis showed that alkanes and aromatics, especially benzene, toluene and heavier compounds e.g., n-heptane, n-octane and n-nonane, dominated the total identified species. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields and ozone (O3) forming potential were 0.017 ± 0.007 g SOA g−1 VOCs and 2.63 ± 0.37 g O3 g−1 VOCs, respectively. Both positive and negative ion mass spectra from individual ships were derived and the intensity of specific ions were quantified. Results showed that elemental carbon (35.74 %), elemental carbon–organic carbon mixtures (33.95 %) and Na-rich particles (21.12 %) were major classes, comprising 90.7 % of the particles observed. Particles from ship auxiliary engines were in the 0.2 to 2.5 µm size range, with a peak occurring at around 0.4 µm. The issue of using vanadium (V) as tracer element was examined, and it was found that V was not a proper tracer of ship emissions when using low sulfur content diesel oil. The average percentage of sulfate particles observed in shipping emissions before and after switching to marine diesel oil remained unchanged at 24 %. Under certain wind conditions, when berths were upwind of emission sources, the ratios before and after 1 January were 35 and 27 % respectively. The impact of atmospheric stability was discussed based on PM2.5 and primary pollutant (carbon monoxide) concentration. With a background of frequent haze episodes and complex mechanisms of particulate accumulation and secondary formation, the impact of atmospheric stability is believed to have been weak on the sulfate contribution from shipping emissions. The results from this study provide robust support for port area air quality assessment and source apportionment.

Heat transfer between fish and ambient water

1976 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Stevens ◽  
A. M. Sutterlin
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus

1. The ability of fish gills to transfer heat was measured by applying a heat pulse to blood in the ventral aorta and measuring it before and after passing through the gills of a teleost, Hemitripterus americanus. 2. 80–90% of heat contained in the blood is lost during passage through the gills. 3. The fraction of heat not lost during passage through the gills is due to direct transfer of heat between the afferent and efferent artery within the gill bar. 4. The major fraction of metabolic heat (70 - 90%) is lost through the body wall and fins of the sea raven in sea water at 5 degrees C; the remainder is lost through the gills.

A Comparison of the Survival in Feces and Water of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Grown under Laboratory Conditions or Obtained from Cattle Feces

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. SCOTT ◽  
P. McGEE ◽  
J. J. SHERIDAN ◽  
B. EARLEY ◽  
N. LEONARD
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Hemorrhagic Colitis ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
Oral Inoculation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle feces and fecally contaminated water are important in the transmission of this organism on the farm. In this study, the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in feces and water was compared following passage through the animal digestive tract or preparation in the laboratory. Feces were collected from steers before and after oral inoculation with a marked strain of E. coli O157:H7. Fecal samples collected before cattle inoculation were subsequently inoculated with the marked strain of E. coli O157:H7 prepared in the laboratory. Subsamples were taken from both animal and laboratory-inoculated feces to inoculate 5-liter volumes of water. E. coli O157:H7 in feces survived up to 97 days, and survival was not affected by the method used to prepare the inoculating strain. E. coli O157:H7 survived up to 109 days in water, and the bacteria collected from inoculated cattle were detected up to 10 weeks longer than the laboratory-prepared culture. This study suggests that pathogen survival in low-nutrient conditions may be enhanced by passage through the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Markers that can Reflect Asthmatic Activity before and after Reduction of Inhaled Corticosteroids: A Pilot Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. BMI.S12537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Go Kato ◽  
Koichiro Takahashi ◽  
Kenji Izuhara ◽  
Kazutoshi Komiya ◽  
Shinya Kimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Blood Eosinophil ◽  
Life Questionnaire ◽  
Stable Group ◽  
Peripheral Blood Eosinophil ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Serum Periostin

Evaluation of airway inflammation is important in achieving adequate dosing of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for treating bronchial asthma. However, there is no evaluation tool that can be used in clinical settings. We examined biomarkers that can precisely reflect airway inflammation when ICS are decreased in stable asthmatic patients. This was a 12-week, single-arm, open-label clinical study performed at a single university hospital. Twenty-five patients (6 male and 19 female) with stable asthma were included in this study. We investigated whether the levels of nitrite and nitrate in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) increase after ICS reduction. We also investigated whether blood eosinophils, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-13, IL-17, and periostin are different before and after ICS reduction. Peak expiratory flow (PEF), pulmonary function tests, asthma control test (ACT), and asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ) were also examined. We considered an unscheduled hospital visit due to asthmatic symptoms and decline in average PEF over one week by more than 10% to indicate disease instability, and compared patients with stable and unstable disease for analysis. Unstable status was detected in 5 patients. Age, sex, asthma duration, ACT and AQLQ scores, and the level of serum IgE did not differ between stable and unstable groups. In the unstable group, the total concentration of nitrite and nitrate at the last visit was 9.84 (6.65–11.24) μM. Surprisingly, this was similar to the concentration at the first visit (5.58 (2.94–17.29) μM). Serum periostin before ICS reduction (141.9 [107.7–147.7] pg/mL) was higher in the unstable group than in the stable group (91.5 [78.75–103.5] pg/mL). The unstable group had a higher peripheral blood eosinophil count and wider diurnal variation of PEF at the first visit compared to the stable group. Higher eosinophils in peripheral blood and wider diurnal variation of PEF were predictive markers for unstable disease after ICS reduction. Serum periostin is another candidate for the predictive marker.

Schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin: before and after the construction of the dams at Diama, Senegal and Manantali, Mali and future prospects

1997 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.R. Southgate
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Senegal River ◽  
Human Schistosomiasis ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Senegal River Basin ◽  
New Habitats

AbstractEcological changes in the Senegal River Basin (SRB) resulting from the construction of a barrage at Diama, Senegal on the Senegal River to prevent the intrusion of sea water into the river, and a dam at Manantali, Mali on the Bafing River to control the flow of water and to generate electricity, have been responsible for changes in the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis. The introduction of Schistosoma mansoni into the Lower and Middle Valleys of the SRB and subsequent spread of the parasite in the human population is recorded with regard to prevalence and intensity. New foci of S. haematobium are described. The reduction in salinity and change from an acidic to an alkaline environment in the water are beneficial to both the fecundity and growth of freshwater snails and transmission of the parasite. The creation of new irrigation canals and expansion of the rice fields have provided new habitats for intermediate hosts to colonize. The evidence for praziquantel resistance/tolerance by populations of S. mansoni and the possibilities of the development, production and testing of a vaccine against human schistosomiasis are discussed. Future studies will monitor the spread of human urinary and mesenteric schistosomiasis in the SRB, will evaluate further the presence of praziquantel resistance/tolerance in S. mansoni, will examine the heavily infected human population for pathological symptoms and determine the most appropriate methods to control this severe outbreak of human schistosomiasis.

scholarly journals Sea water desalination and removal of iodine: effect on thyroid function

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-475
Author(s):  
Gideon Koren ◽  
Yona Amitai ◽  
Meital Shlezinger ◽  
Rachel Katz ◽  
Varda Shalev
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In Israel, about 55% of drinking water is derived from desalination (DSW) which removes all iodine. A recent study from Israel demonstrated high rates of iodine deficiency among school-aged children and pregnant women. There are concerns that low iodine may lead to impaired thyroid function. However, to date, the impact of consuming DSW on body iodine status has not been studied. The objective was to assess whether the increased use of DSW is associated with increased rates of hypothyroidism. Using data from a large health fund in Israel, we compared proportions of patients with higher than normal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and lower than normal T3 and T4 levels before and after a massive desalination project became operational in August 2013 in areas with high vs. low use of DSW. Over 400,000 cases were compared in 2010–2013 vs. 2014–2016. Overall, there was no increase in the proportion of individuals with higher than normal TSH levels, or lower than normal T3 and T4 levels. In conclusion, in this population-based study, following the introduction of DSW, there was no evidence of increased incidence of low thyroid function tests, and the trends were similar in both areas highly consuming, or not consuming, DSW.

scholarly journals Characteristics of marine shipping emissions at berth: profiles for PM and VOCs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Xiao ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
Fanyuan Deng ◽  
Mingliang Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Port Area ◽  
Element Carbon ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Marine Diesel ◽  
Low Sulfur Content

Abstract. Emissions from ships at berth played an important role in the exposure of atmospheric pollutants to high density population in port areas, but these emissions were not understood very well. In this study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particle emissions from 20 container ships at berth were sampled and analyzed during the fuel switch period at Jingtang Port in Hebei Province, China. VOCs and particles were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and the Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS), respectively. VOCs analysis showed that alkanes and aromatics, especially benzene, toluene and heavier compounds e.g. n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, dominated the total identified species. Secondary organic aerosol yields and ozone forming potential were 0.017 ± 0.007 g SOA/g VOCs and 2.63 ± 0.37 g O3/g VOCs, respectively. Both positive and negative ion mass spectra from individual ship were derived and intensity of specific ions could be quantified. Results showed that element carbon (35.74 %), element carbon-organic carbon mixture (33.95 %) and Na-rich particles (21.12 %) were major classes with a total number ratio of 90.7 %. Particles from ship auxiliary engines were in a size range of 0.2 to 2.5 μm, with a peak occurring at around 0.4 μm. The issue of vanadium as tracer element was discussed that V was not a proper tracer when using low sulfur content diesel oil. The average percentage of sulfate particles from shipping emissions before and after switching to marine diesel oil were 23.82 % and 23.61 % respectively. The total results provide robust evidences in port area air quality assessment and source apportionment.

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