scholarly journals O09.2 Financing Free and Universal Access to Antiretroviral Drugs in the Long-Run: ART Cost Evolution in Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A42.3-A43
Author(s):  
C Meiners-Chabin
Keyword(s):  
Universal Access ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Long Run

AIDS, Antiretrovirals, Brazil and the International Politics of Global Health, 1996–2008

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Cueto ◽  
Gabriel Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Universal Access ◽  
International Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
First Century ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Sexual Abstinence ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Marked Decline

Abstract In the mid-1990s, Brazil became a player in the global politics of AIDS through its participation in debates on whether antiretroviral drugs were commodities or public goods. Brazilian actors not only challenged powerful pharmaceutical companies but the assumption that international health policies were solely defined in developed countries. After 1996, a coalition of Brazilian officers, health activists, people living with Aids and medical scientists advocated for universal access to generic medication (instead of costly patented drugs) and publicized its achievements at home and abroad, such as a marked decline in AIDS cases. However, during the first decade of the twenty-first century increased costs, little attention to prevention and the persistence of homophobia hindered treatment. Moreover, unilateral US programmes and conservative evangelicals glorifying sexual abstinence sabotaged anti-AIDS work. After the financial crisis of 2008, universal access to ARVs lost political momentum and sustaining treatment became difficult in Brazil.

scholarly journals Redefinition of the notion of Universal Access to the health care

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (02) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Rubin Zareski
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Long Run ◽  
State Budgets ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Cost

In the last 10 years we are experiencing hidden debate where decision makers do not want to opt for the “unpopular” decisions, which need to be taken if we need a sustainable health systems on a long run. Lessons from the 2008 crisis have proven that policy decisions driven by external global forces that are beyond our controlwere inconsistent and reasonable damaging also on a mid term run. Instead of addressing the core of the problem, in the attempt to reply to the old/new challenges, governments were “fanning the fire”. It becomes obvious that spending more money in uncoordinated way will not solve the problem. Reducing the cost by cutting the fiscal budgets, would further ”squeeze” the capacity of the economies and reduce the demand, which has to be driver to the solution and not the problem. Consequently in a high market developed economies, cutting the health budgets will only temporarily “make up” the state budgets, creating structural financial instability of the Funds both private and State. In this lose-lose situation, with existing misbalances, contracting budgets, increasing demand and sensitive market players responses, there is a high time for redefinition of the Universal access to the health care systems and global policy responses which will on long term create balanced and sustainable growth of health markets.

The Economic Growth–Income Inequality–Poverty Nexus and Its Impact on Environmental Degradation: Empirical Evidence from India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097639962110238
Author(s):  
Geetilaxmi Mohapatra ◽  
Arun Kumar Giri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

This study attempts to examine the main forces affecting short-run and long-run carbon emission patterns due to changes in economic growth, income inequality and poverty in India over the period 1982–2018. For this purpose, it uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration technique and the vector error correction model (VECM) based on Granger causality tests. The stationary properties of the variables are checked using the Ng–Perron test. The results of the ARDL bounds test confirm the long-run relationship among the variables. Further, the ARDL coefficient confirms that economic growth and poverty increase carbon emissions in both the short and long run. The empirical findings of the causality test indicate the presence of short-run causality running from economic growth and poverty reduction to environmental degradation. Hence, the study recommends that policymakers must devote more attention to alleviating poverty and reducing income inequalities through redistributing transfers, investing on universal access to health and education, implementing progressive taxation policies, empowering women and enforcing the Clean India mission, which will have a positive impact on reducing environmental degradation in India. Further, the study also recommends appropriate environmental regulations that can substantially stimulate innovations to increase energy efficiency and thereby reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

scholarly journals Effect of sociodemographic, clinical-prophylactic and therapeutic procedures on survival of AIDS patients assisted in a Brazilian outpatient clinic

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario José Hart Pontes Signorini ◽  
Claudia Torres Codeço ◽  
Marilia Sá Carvalho ◽  
Dayse Pereira Campos ◽  
Michelle Carreira Miranda Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Models ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures

The Brazilian AIDS Program offers free and universal access to antiretroviral therapy. This study investigates the influence of sociodemographic, clinical-prophylactic and therapeutic factors on survival, after AIDS diagnosis, in an open cohort of 1,420 patients assisted in a university hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro (1995 _ 2002). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of variables in the three dimensions studied. The overall survival time of the upper quartile was 24 months (CI95%= 20.5-27.5), increasing from 14 months, in 1995, to 46 months, in 1998. We found a protective effect of heterosexual behavior against death that could be attributed to the increasing female-to-male sex ratio in the cohort, which coincided with the time of therapy introduction. Low schooling, hospital admission and lack of follow-up were identified as risk factors for death; PCP and Toxoplasmosis prophylaxis were protective. The number of attempts required to consolidate the antiretroviral therapy showed no significant effect on survival. The full model, which includes the number of antiretroviral drugs in the regimen, confirmed the triple therapy as the best regimen. This study brings important information for designing guidelines to deal with different aspects related to the practical management of patients and their behavior, thus contributing to the success of the program of free access to antiretroviral therapy implemented in Brazil.

Juridical Action for the Protection of Collective Rights and Its Legal Impact: A Case Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 644-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique González Mac Dowell
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Human Rights Advocacy ◽  
Legal Strategies ◽  
Living With Hiv

The development in 1996 of a new generation of antiretroviral drugs was a major pharmaceutical advancement in the struggle against the epidemics of HIV and AIDS. However, due to high costs, access to these new drugs was almost impossible for most people living with HIV or AIDS. This situatiowhas been even more dramatic for those living with HIV/AIDS in poorer countries. Many of the organizations that are fighting for the rights of those with HIV have since developed human rights advocacy and legal strategies to try to achieve universal access to treatment. These organizations are also fighting for states’ compliance with human rights obligations under health-related treatises and conventions. This paper draws upon the experience gained in Latin America, focusing on the legal strategies that have been explored in Venezuela and the legal consequences for domestic law.

scholarly journals Initial antiretroviral therapy in a 20-year observational cohort of patients followed at a reference center in the City of São Paulo, Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. C. Ruiz ◽  
Marta Ramalho ◽  
Mariza V. Tancredi ◽  
Jean P. Moatti ◽  
Ana L. C. Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triple Therapy ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reference Center ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Aids Training ◽  
Hiv Aids

INTRODUCTION: Production and free universal access to ART for patients with HIV/Aids were responsible for a major fall in morbidity-mortality in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To describe antiretroviral treatment at the São Paulo STD/Aids Training and Reference Center. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the characteristics of the first treatment with antiretroviral drugs of a retrospective cohort of patients 13 years and over, enrolled at the Reference Center, 1985-2005, described by frequency tables and graphs. RESULTS: 4,191 patients were described. The most frequent initiation period was 1999-2003; 82.7% of patients were treatment naïve. Monotherapy prevailed until 1995, the peak of double therapy was 1996-98, and 1999-2005 was characterized by triple therapy. Regarding triple therapy, regimens with protease inhibitors accounted for 1,462 (34.9%) of all first prescriptions. The combination AZT, 3TC and EFV was the most frequently prescribed regimen (47.4%) in 2005. CONCLUSIONS: This descriptive study may enable more in depth analyses on the factors involved in the treatment patients with HIV/AIDS.

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