Juridical Action for the Protection of Collective Rights and Its Legal Impact: A Case Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 644-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique González Mac Dowell
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Human Rights Advocacy ◽  
Legal Strategies ◽  
Living With Hiv

The development in 1996 of a new generation of antiretroviral drugs was a major pharmaceutical advancement in the struggle against the epidemics of HIV and AIDS. However, due to high costs, access to these new drugs was almost impossible for most people living with HIV or AIDS. This situatiowhas been even more dramatic for those living with HIV/AIDS in poorer countries. Many of the organizations that are fighting for the rights of those with HIV have since developed human rights advocacy and legal strategies to try to achieve universal access to treatment. These organizations are also fighting for states’ compliance with human rights obligations under health-related treatises and conventions. This paper draws upon the experience gained in Latin America, focusing on the legal strategies that have been explored in Venezuela and the legal consequences for domestic law.

scholarly journals “My Friend with HIV Remains a Friend”: HIV/AIDS Stigma Reduction through Education in Secondary Schools—A Pilot Project in Buea, Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 232595821990071
Author(s):  
Christoph Arnim Jacobi ◽  
Pascal Nji Atanga ◽  
Leonard Kum Bin ◽  
Akenji Jean Claude Fru ◽  
Gerd Eppel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Universal Access ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
School Students ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

The universal access to treatment and care for people living with HIV (PLWHIV) is still a major problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where 70% of HIV-infected people live. Equally important is the fact that HIV/AIDS-related stigma is recognized to be a major obstacle to successfully control the spread of this disease. We devised a pilot project (titled “My friend with HIV remains a friend”) to fight the HIV/AIDS stigmatization through educating secondary school students by openly HIV-positive teachers. In a first step, we have measured the amount and type of stigma felt by the PLWHIV in Buea/Cameroon using the “The people living with HIV Stigma Index” from Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Gossiping and verbal insults were experienced by 90% of the interviewees, while 9% have experienced physical assaults. Using these data and material from the “Toolkit for action” from the “International Centre for the Research on Women,” the teachers educated the students on multiple aspects of HIV/AIDS and stigma. The teaching curriculum included role-plays, picture visualizations, drawing, and other forms of interactions like visits to HIV and AIDS treatment units. Before and after this intervention, the students undertook “True/False” examinations on HIV/AIDS and stigma. We compared these results with results from students from another school, who did not participate in this intervention. We were able to show that the students taking part in the intervention improved by almost 20% points in comparison to the other students. Their results did not change.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING STIGMA – THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL APPROACHES

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1529-1535
Author(s):  
Rumiana Budjeva
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Stigma And Discrimination ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Stigma is a powerful tool for social control. It can be used to differentiate, exclude or exert pressure on certain individuals or groups of people who have certain characteristics. Stigma does great harm to both the individual and society as a whole. The main objective of stigma is to maintain visible the negative qualities of the individual in order to place them in a disadvantaged position and lasting social and psychological isolation. However, stigma goes beyond the level of the individual and becomes a social problem when it affects wider categories of people. The main purpose of the report is to seek adequate scientific approaches and methods to understanding and study of the phenomenon social stigma. Stigmatized people are often subject to rejection and social exclusion. In its extreme forms stigma turns into discrimination which directly violates their civil and human rights. Stigma and discrimination, seen as violations of fundamental human rights, can occur at different levels: political, economic, social, psychological and institutional. As social processes through which social control is created and maintained, generating, legitimizing and reproducing social inequality, stigma and discrimination are at the heart of the vicious circle in which some groups of people are underestimated and others feel superior and untouchable. To illustrate the process of stigmatization, we will use the example of people living with HIV / AIDS. Theory of stigmatization plays an important explanatory role in the experience of a comprehensive understanding of the social relations of phenomena such as HIV / AIDS. The deep understanding of the mechanisms by which stigma and discriminatory attitudes affect the overall life of people living with HIV / AIDS will help us not only to treat adequate them, but to form a workable and effective action against the spread of the disease. From the moment when scientists are confronted with HIV and AIDS, the social response to fear, denial, stigma and discrimination has accompanied the epidemic. It can be said that HIV and AIDS are more of a social phenomenon than a pure biological or medical problem. It leads to an unfounded sense of shame and guilt and a sense of futility. Stigma incites depression and despair, causes lack of self-esteem. It pushes people to mental and social isolation and deprives them of support and care, increasing their vulnerability. In this way, stigma exacerbates the negative impact of the disease and increases the risk of its spread.

The “Right to Know” or “Know Your Rights”?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Amon
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Right To Know ◽  
Global Organizations ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Grassroots Groups ◽  
The Right To Know ◽  
The Right ◽  
Living With Hiv

Human rights abuses fuel vulnerability to HIV infection and act as barriers to universal access to prevention, treatment, and care. This has been recognized in numerous international declarations, and attention to human rights has been incorporated into the mission statements and work plans of grassroots groups and global organizations alike. Yet how recognition of this relationship is translated into action varies. This explores different contexts in which the claim of one particular right, the “right to know,” has emerged, and how this claim relates to the experience of people living with HIV. The “right to know,” defined variously and used to advance competing and controversial agendas, is then contrasted with efforts encouraging individuals to “know their rights.”

HIV and AIDS Stigma Violates Human Rights in Five African Countries

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thecla W Kohi ◽  
Lucy Makoae ◽  
Maureen Chirwa ◽  
William L Holzemer ◽  
Deliwe RenéPhetlhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Nurse Managers ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Aids Stigma ◽  
The Right ◽  
Living With Hiv

The situation and human rights of people living with HIV and AIDS were explored through focus groups in five African countries (Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland and Tanzania). A descriptive qualitative research design was used. The 251 informants were people living with HIV and AIDS, and nurse managers and nurse clinicians from urban and rural settings. NVivo™ software was used to identify specific incidents related to human rights, which were compared with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The findings revealed that the human rights of people living with HIV and AIDS were violated in a variety of ways, including denial of access to adequate or no health care/services, and denial of home care, termination or refusal of employment, and denial of the right to earn an income, produce food or obtain loans. The informants living with HIV and AIDS were also abused verbally and physically. Country governments and health professionals need to address these issues to ensure the human rights of all people.

scholarly journals Experiences and ways PLWHA deal with their lives

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1615-20
Author(s):  
Anthony Kiwanuka ◽  
Eddy Walakira ◽  
David Kaawa-Mafigiri
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Research Knowledge ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Research ◽  
Widespread Access ◽  
Living With Hiv

The issue of HIV and AIDS and people living with HIV and AIDS is very sensitive which needs great attention. The population of infected individuals seems not to seek help and health services due to their illness. The barriers which prevent this population experience the meaning of social construction of their illness. The main objective of this study is to understand the day-to-day lives and the ways PLWHA deals with their lives. Qualitative method and participatory action research were used to gather information. The study found out that PLWHA have much to fight for in the complex and frightening areas of HIV research and treatment. Though there have been lacking scientific skills, all PLWHA can bring unique experiences and perspectives to an open discussion. The study concluded that facing the challenges of working with HIV and AIDS–individuals; consider the participatory research approach because it can reach out to individuals, groups and organizations.It was recommended that the ultimate goals of AIDS treatment and research activism are to accelerate scientific research knowledge that contributes towards cure, and to win an early widespread access to treatment for everyone infected with HIV. Developing a well-designed research can help PLWHA learn how to ask themselves different questions and ask if the medical and research establishments will address their concerns. Keywords: Health Services;, seeking behavior; persons living with HIV.

scholarly journals Quality of life of People living with HIV and AIDS attending the Antiretroviral Clinic, University College Hospital, Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluyemisi F. Folasire ◽  
Achiaka E. Irabor ◽  
Ayorinde M. Folasire
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Social Domain ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background: Quality of life (QOL) is an important component in the evaluation of the well-being of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA), especially with the appreciable rise in longevity of PLWHA. Moreover, limited studies have been conducted in Nigeria on how PLWHA perceive their life with the World Health Organisation Quality of Life Brief Scale (WHOQOL-Bref) instrument. Objective: This study assessed the QOL of PLWHA attending the antiretroviral (ARV) clinics, UCH Ibadan, Nigeria.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to September 2008 that involved 150 randomly selected HIV-positive patients who were regular attendees at the antiretroviral clinic, UCH Ibadan. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic data, satisfaction with perceived social support, medical records, and QOL was assessed with WHOQOL-Bref.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 38.1 ± 9.0 years and the male : female ratio was 1:2. The mean CD4 count was higher in female patients than in male patients, 407 cells/mm3 : 329 cells/mm3 (p = 0.005). The mean QOL scores on the scale of (0–100) in three domains were similar: psychological health, 71.60 ± 18.40; physical health, 71.60 ± 13.90; and the environmental domain, 70.10 ± 12.00; with the lowest score in the social domain, 68.89 ± 16.70. Asymptomatic HIV-positive patients had significantly better mean QOL scores than symptomatic patients in the physical (74.04 ± 16.85 versus 64.47 ± 20.94, p = 0.005) and psychological domains (76.09 ± 12.93 versus 69.74 ± 15.79, p = 0.015). There was no significant difference in the mean QOL scores of men compared to those of women, in all domains assessed.Conclusion: High QOL scores in the physical, psychological and environmental domains may be reflective of the effectiveness of some of the interventions PLWHA are exposed to at the ARV clinic, UCH Ibadan (on-going psychotherapy, free antiretroviral drugs). Relatively low social domain scores may suggest ineffective social support networks, because PLWHA are still exposed to stigmatisation and discrimination. An improvement in social support for PLWHA, therefore, will improve their quality of life further.

PERAN WARGA PEDULI AIDS CAHAYA CARE TUREN DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS HIDUP ODHA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Nurhudi Sasono
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
P Value ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract : Indicator of the health welfare through Sustanable Development Goals (SDGs) is to reduce the incidence of HIV-AIDS, decrease the rate of the epidemic and maintain the quality of life of people living with HIV-AIDS (PLWHA). Trend cases of HIV-AIDS is the most recent spread among people, especially housewives. In Malang until 2015 found 278 Housewife of 409 cases of AIDS. The prevalence of HIV-AIDS in Malang Regency is ranked second after Surabaya city in East Java. For the importance of public participation and citizen care AIDS Cahaya Care Turen take responsibility for the condition. Determination Rule Goverment number 2 2015 year on the Participation of the community response to HIV-AIDS in Malang as a legal rule. Concerned Citizens activities AIDS (WPA). WPA Cahaya Care Turen is increases HIV risk and quality of life PLWHA. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Citizens AIDS Cahaya Care Quality of Care Turen against people living with HIV in Puskesmas Turen Malang. The study design using a quasi-experimental, with purposive sampling using a sampling technique. Total number of research subjects 23. Based on test results obtained with the Wilcoxon p value <0.005, which means that there is a significant difference before and after PLWHA joining participated in the WPA Cahaya Care Turen. The conclusion of this study is WPA activities involving people living with HIV and at risk groups can optimize compliance with antiretroviral drugs that have an impact on improving the quality of life of PLHIV. Suggestions in this research is done WPA Program activities are structured and ongoing cross-sector in order to improve the quality of life and empower PLWHA.Keywords : WPA Cahaya Care Turen, Quality of life, PLWHA Abstrak : Salah satu indikator kesejahteraan kesehatan melalui Sustanable Development Goals (SDGs) adalah menekan angka kejadian HIV-AIDS, menurunkan laju epidemik dan mempertahankan kualitas hidup Orang dengan HIV-AIDS (ODHA). Trend kasus HIV-AIDS terkini terbanyak adalah menjangkit dikalangan masyarakat khususnya pada ibu rumah tangga. Kabupaten Malang sampai dengan tahun 2015 ditemukan 278 Ibu Rumah Tangga dari 409 kasus AIDS. Prevalensi HIV-AIDS di Kabupaten Malang ini merupakan peringkat kedua di Jawa Timur setelah Kota Surabaya. Untuk itu pentingnya peran serta masyarakat dan warga peduli AIDS Cahaya Care Turen ikut bertanggung jawab terhadap kondisi tersebut. Penetapan Peraturan Bupati Malang no.2 th.2015 tentang Peran serta masyarakat penanggulangan HIV-AIDS di Kabupaten Malang diharapkan dapat mengurangi risiko penularan HIV dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup ODHA. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Peran Warga Peduli AIDS Cahaya Care Turen terhadap Kualitas ODHA Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Turen Kabupaten Malang. Desain penelitian menggunakan quasi eksperimen, dengan teknik sampling menggunakan purposive sampling. Jumlah subyek penelitian sejumlah 23. Berdasarkan hasil uji dengan Wilcoxon didapatkan nilai p value < 0.005 yang berarti bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna sebelum dan sesudah ODHA bergabung mengikuti kegiatan WPA Cahaya Care Turen. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah kegiatan WPA dengan melibatkan ODHA dan kelompok beresiko dapat mengoptimalkan kepatuhan obat ART sehingga berdampak terhadap peningkatan kualitas hidup ODHA. Saran dalam penelitian ini adalah dilakukannya Program kegiatan WPA yang terstruktur dan berkesinambungan lintas sektor guna meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan memberdayakan ODHA.     Kata kunci : WPA Cahaya Care Turen, kualitas hidup, ODHA

scholarly journals Antiretroviral Drugs Impact Autophagy with Toxic Outcomes

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 909
Author(s):  
Laura Cheney ◽  
John M. Barbaro ◽  
Joan W. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Target Effects

Antiretroviral drugs have dramatically improved the morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV (PLWH). While current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are generally well-tolerated, risks for side effects and toxicity remain as PLWH must take life-long medications. Antiretroviral drugs impact autophagy, an intracellular proteolytic process that eliminates debris and foreign material, provides nutrients for metabolism, and performs quality control to maintain cell homeostasis. Toxicity and adverse events associated with antiretrovirals may be due, in part, to their impacts on autophagy. A more complete understanding of the effects on autophagy is essential for developing antiretroviral drugs with decreased off target effects, meaning those unrelated to viral suppression, to minimize toxicity for PLWH. This review summarizes the findings and highlights the gaps in our knowledge of the impacts of antiretroviral drugs on autophagy.

The Mae on Project: Using Acupuncture for Symptom Relief and Improved Quality of Life for People Living with Hiv and Aids in Rural Thailand

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Louie ◽  
Nopporn Pathanapornpandh ◽  
Unchalee Pultajuk ◽  
Robert Kaplan ◽  
Ian Hodgson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Related Symptom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living With Hiv

Acupuncture in combination with antiretroviral therapies is a potentially useful treatment for HIV-related symptom relief in resource-poor settings. Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of being used to enhance immune function. In the setting of HIV, Chinese traditional medicine allows for symptom treatment without adding extra medications to a complex drug regime. This paper provides details of a project at Mae On Hospital in rural northern Thailand where allopathic/conventional treatments are used in tandem with acupuncture. A preliminary evaluation of the project suggests that an integrated approach to symptom relief is viewed positively by respondents receiving acupuncture, though further studies are required to confirm the association between acupuncture and symptom relief. The project also demonstrates the feasibility of developing a cost-effective acupuncture programme using local healthcare staff.

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