Biochemical assays for identifying seeds of lodgepole pine and other conifers fed on by Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1349-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron G Lait ◽  
Sarah L Bates ◽  
Karen K Morrissette ◽  
John H Borden ◽  
Allison R Kermode
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Biochemical Marker ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Leptoglossus Occidentalis

Radiography is a valuable tool for assessing quality of conifer seeds, but it cannot differentiate between aborted seeds and seeds that have been emptied by western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann) feeding. We tested three biochemical marker-based assays that were developed to identify L. occidentalis damage to seeds of Douglas-fir, Pseudostuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, for their use in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. The three assays included measurement of storage protein reserve depletion, immunodetection of fragments of insoluble (crystalloid) storage proteins, and immunodetection of L. occidentalis salivary proteins. Aborted seeds contained significantly less soluble and insoluble protein than seeds that were fed on by L. occidentalis. Polyclonal antibodies raised against 11S globulin crystalloid proteins or L. occidentalis salivary gland extracts only immunoreacted with proteins in seeds exposed to L. occidentalis feeding. In a single-blind test, antibody raised against salivary-gland extracts correctly distinguished between undamaged full seeds, unfilled aborted seeds, and seeds fed on by L. occidentalis. Immunodetection of L. occidentalis salivary proteins was also performed on seeds of Abies amabilis Dougl. ex J. Forbes, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Picea sitchensis Bong (Carr.), Pinus ponderosa Lawson, and Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don. For all species, immunoreactive polypeptides were only detected in seeds fed on by L. occidentalis. These biochemical marker-based techniques could help researchers and seed orchard managers estimate seed losses caused by L. occidentalis in commercial seed orchards and natural forest stands.Key words: Leptoglossus occidentalis, saliva, biochemical markers, polyclonal antibody, immunodetection, Pinus contorta.

Stomiopeltis pinastri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Pinus Caribaea ◽  
Pinus Roxburghii ◽  
Diagnostic Features

Abstract A description is provided for Stomiopeltis pinastri, which are found on dead pine needles. Details are given of its hosts (Cupressus abramsiana, Juniperus communis, Picea sp., Pinus brutia, Pinus caribaea, Pinus cembra, Pinus contorta, Pinus halepensis, Pinus montezumae, Pinus monticola, Pinus mugo, Pinus muricata, Pinus nigra, Pinus nigra var. austriaca, Pinus nigra var. maritime, Pinus pinaster, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus radiata, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus strobus, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus taeda, Pinus thunbergiana [Pinus thunbergii], Pinus wallichiana and Protium sp.), associated species, geographical distribution (Canada (British Columbia), USA (California, Georgia, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee and Washington), Brazil (Pernambuco), India (Himachal Pradesh and Jammu-Kashmir), Pakistan, Portugal (Azores), Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Irish Republic, Finland, France, Germany, UK, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, San Marino, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland), transmission, diagnostic features and conservation status.

Seasonal changes in seed reduction in lodgepole pine cones caused by feeding of Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 138 (6) ◽  
pp. 888-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward B. Strong
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Leptoglossus Occidentalis ◽  
Pine Cones ◽  
Insect Exclusion ◽  
Filled Seeds

AbstractManagement of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) seed orchards of British Columbia, Canada, would be improved with knowledge of its damage potential at different times of the growing season. Mesh insect-exclusion bags were placed over cones, and adults or nymphs of L. occidentalis were enclosed in different bags for 9 periods of 10 to 38 days between 6 May and 17 September 2004. Feeding by adult females between 6 May and 28 May reduced total extractable seeds, a result of ovule damage before fertilization. Reduction in the number of filled seeds per cone was highest between 6 May and 29 June, with each adult female reducing yield by approximately 1.7 seeds per day. Between 29 June and 10 August, each adult female reduced the number of filled seeds per cone (seed set) by 1.0 to 1.25 per day. Seed set reduction declined to approximately 0.25 filled seeds per adult female per day after 10 August. Third to fifth instars caused seed set reduction between 0.6 and 1.2 filled seeds per cone per nymph feeding day from 29 June to 10 August. Utilizing these findings would improve management of L. occidentalis in a commercial seed orchard setting.

scholarly journals Height growth determinants and adaptation to temperature in pines: a case study of Pinus contorta and Pinus monticola

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1059-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Chuine ◽  
Gerald E Rehfeldt ◽  
Sally N Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Western White Pine

In this study we aimed to compare and explain the height growth performance of two contrasting pine species: lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud) and western white pine(Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don.). We compiled measurements of total height growth at different ages and shoot elongation phenology realized in several provenance test trials for 109 provenances of lodgepole pine and 54 provenances of western white pine. The response of shoot elongation to temperature was assessed using a phenological model fitted on provenance mean growth curves. Although total height growth followed the same geographic trends in both species, the response of shoot elongation to temperature was different between the two, with few (lodgepole pine) or no differences among provenances (western white pine) from diverse geographic regions. The temperature for which potential cell growth rate is 50% was 10.8 ± 0.13 °C (mean ± standard error) for western white pine compared to 5.26 ± 0.075 °C for lodgepole pine. Phenology did not explain growth performance differences among geographical regions in both species, which instead were explained by differences in the number of internodes set the preceding summer; provenances originating from stressful environments produced the fewest internodes, possibly due to reallocation of carbohydrates to stress resistance.

scholarly journals Ponderosa Pine and Lodgepole Pine Growth Response to One-Time Application of Herbicide During Seedling Establishment in Western Montana

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad E. Keyser ◽  
Kelsey S. Milner
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Percent Cover

Abstract This study examined long-term diameter and height response of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) to a one-time application of herbicide during seedling establishment in western Montana. Two herbicide trials initiated in 1981 and 1983 by Champion International Corporation were resurrected during the summer of 1997. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) F-tests along with Duncan's Multiple Range tests (DMR) were performed on mean tree dbh, tree height, and competing vegetation percent cover estimates. In addition, a graphical analysis of mean annual height growth over time was performed. Significant increases (alpha = 0.05) in ponderosa pine dbh (25 to 44%) and height (11 to 28%) were found after 16 yr of growth on Velpar L. (hexazinone) treated plots, while lodgepole pine had significant increases in dbh (70 to 118%) and height (41 to 82%) after 15 yr of growth on Velpar L. treated plots. Graphical analyses indicated a positive height growth effect for a period of 11 to 13 yr following treatment for ponderosa pine; however, total height gains had decreased in recent years. Positive increases in height growth for lodgepole pine were continuing after 15 yr of growth. These results indicate that a one-time application of herbicide applied during seedling establishment will promote faster tree growth in western Montana. We also note that proper density management will be necessary early in the life of the stand to maintain height gains. West. J. Appl. For. 18(3):149–154.

Interactive effects of light and stratification on the germination of some British Columbia conifers

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 1635-1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. Li ◽  
P. J. Burton ◽  
C. L. Leadem
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Pinus Monticola ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Tree Seed

Pregermination stratification treatment was generally more important than the effects of light on seed germination by 14 conifer species and varieties native to British Columbia. Nevertheless, there were some strong species differences in the response of germination to light. Final germination percentage after 21 days (28 days for Abies spp.) for both stratified and unstratified seeds of Picea glauca, Picea sitchensis, and Tsuga heterophylla showed no response to light during germination. Seed germination by Abies grandis, Pinus contorta var. contorta, Pinus contorta var. latifolia, Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca, and Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii responded positively to light if unstratified but was not significantly affected by light when stratified. For Thuja plicata seeds, germination responded positively to light regardless of stratification pretreatment. Light appeared to reduce germination of stratified seeds of Abies amabilis, Abies lasiocarpa, Larix occidentalis, and Pinus monticola, although stratification conditions for these species were suboptimal. The germination rate of stratified seeds of all species and unstratified seeds of most species was increased by light. Results showed no significant relationship between germination response to light and shade-tolerance ranking or mean seed weight of the species. In six seed lots of Pinus contorta var. latifolia, however, we detected a weak negative correlation between mean seed weight and unstratified light responsivity measured after 1 week but a significant positive correlation when measured after 3 weeks. Very low light levels in closed-canopy forests or in the forest floor may prolong tree seed germination but are unlikely to constrain final germination levels after most seeds have been naturally stratified by moist, cool winter conditions. The importance of differences in the rate and timing of tree seed germination under natural conditions remains to be demonstrated. Key words: conifer biology, forest regeneration, light response, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, seed germination, stratification.

The effects of dwarf mistletoe, witches' brooms, stand structure, and site characteristics on the crown architecture of lodgepole pine in Oregon

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1360-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
R C Godfree ◽  
R O Tinnin ◽  
R B Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Crown Dimensions

We investigated the importance of lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt.) in determining the height to crown top (HCT), height to crown base (HCB), and live crown ratio (LCR) of 2025 lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.) growing over a 24-km2 study site in central Oregon. We compared the effects of infection and associated witches' brooms with those of site topography, soil type, shrub cover, stand density, and the abundance of mature ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. Laws. & C. Laws). using multiple regression and path analysis. The density of dominant-size P. contorta was consistently the most important factor influencing HCT, HCB, and LCR across the study site. In dense stands, trees tended to have elevated crown bases due to self-pruning and, hence, lower values of LCR. Dwarf mistletoe and related witches' brooms uniquely explained 6.9% of the variance in LCR, which was close to that of dominant P. contorta (7.1%) and more than that of soil type (3.0%), but explained only 2.6% of the variance in HCB, which was less than that of dominant P. contorta (6.5%) and soil type (4.6%). Regression models suggest that heavily infected trees should be 18% shorter and have crown bases 37% lower than uninfected trees, while moderately infected trees should have an LCR over 20% larger than that of uninfected and heavily infected trees. We also found that the largest 25 heavily infected trees sampled were approximately 19% shorter and 11–13% smaller in diameter than the largest 25 uninfected trees. The results suggest that dwarf mistletoe can be an important factor in determining the crown dimensions of P. contorta but that these effects may be interpreted only in the context of site characteristics and stand structure.

Factors contributing to the superior growth and N nutrition of 11-year-old lodgepole pine compared with Sitka spruce on a N-poor cedar-hemlock cutover

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen S Bothwell ◽  
Cindy E Prescott ◽  
Melanie D Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Retranslocation ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Poor Site

We tested several hypotheses to explain the superior growth and nitrogen (N) status of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Laws. var. contorta) compared with Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) on a N-poor site by comparing N distribution, N retranslocation, rooting distribution, and mycorrhizal fungi in plots of 11-year-old trees on a cedar–hemlock cutover. Aboveground N content was nine times greater in pine than in spruce of the same age, and thus, we conclude that pine acquired more N during the 11 years than spruce. Greater N acquisition by pine was not related to rooting depth, as both species rooted primarily in the residual forest floor. There were differences in mycorrhizal fungal associates: a high proportion of pine roots were infected with Suillus-like fungi. Pine produced more aboveground biomass per unit N (388 compared with 292 g·g–1 in spruce) and distributed more N to young foliage. Nitrogen retranslocation efficiency (based on foliar N contents in July and October) was higher in pine (50–52%) than in spruce (24–36%). These characteristics all appear to contribute to pine's abilities to both acquire more N and use it more efficiently and, thus, outperform spruce on this N-poor site.

Mixed-severity fire in lodgepole pine dominated forests: are historical regimes sustainable on Oregon’s Pumice Plateau, USA?

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily K. Heyerdahl ◽  
Rachel A. Loehman ◽  
Donald A. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Crown Fire ◽  
Fire Exclusion

In parts of central Oregon, coarse-textured pumice substrates limit forest composition to low-density lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) with scattered ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson) and a shrub understory dominated by antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.). We reconstructed the historical fire regime from tree rings and simulated fire behavior over 783 ha of this forest type. For centuries (1650–1900), extensive mixed-severity fires occurred every 26 to 82 years, creating a multi-aged forest and shrub mosaic. Simulation modeling suggests that the historical mix of surface and passive crown fire were primarily driven by shrub biomass and wind speed. However, a century of fire exclusion has reduced the potential for the high-severity patches of fire that were common historically, likely by reducing bitterbrush cover, the primary ladder fuel. This reduced shrub cover is likely to persist until fire or insects create new canopy gaps. Crown fire potential may increase even with current fuel loadings if the climate predicted for midcentury lowers fuel moistures, but only under rare extreme winds. This study expands our emerging understanding of complexity in the disturbance dynamics of lodgepole pine across its broad North American range.

Feeding by Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) reduces seed set in lodgepole pine (Pinaceae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward B. Strong ◽  
Sarah L. Bates ◽  
Michael U. Stoehr
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Leptoglossus Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Exclusion ◽  
Filled Seeds ◽  
Water Treated Control

AbstractLow seed set is a serious problem in seed orchards of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann) in the southern interior of British Columbia. We tested the hypothesis that Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann is responsible for the low seed set. Cones enclosed in insect exclusion bags as part of a pollination experiment produced significantly more filled seeds per cone than cones that were not bagged. In a separate bagging experiment, cones that were enclosed with a L. occidentalis female and her progeny produced only about one filled seed per cone, compared with about 28 seeds in bagged control cones. Changes in microclimate associated with the use of bags did not appear to be responsible for the observed increase in seed set in bagged cones. Leptoglossus occidentalis was also excluded from trees using the insecticide fenvalerate. Cones on fenvalerate-treated trees produced > 11 filled seeds per cone, whereas water-treated (control) cones produced < 1.7 filled seeds. These data suggest that L. occidentalis should be considered a serious pest in lodgepole pine seed orchards.

DISTRIBUTION AND IMPACT OF LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALS HEIDEMANN (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) IN SEED ORCHARDS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1996 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 1065-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzie E. Blatt ◽  
John H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Leptoglossus Occidentalis

AbstractLeptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is considered to be an important cone and seed pest in seed orchards in British Columbia; however, no impact studies have been done in Canada. Surveys to determine the distribution of L. occidentalis were conducted over a 3-year period in three coastal seed orchards of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and over a 2-year period in two seed orchards of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann. Leptoglossus occidentalis was found to distribute itself in patches, coinciding with a clonal preference. Seed losses were assessed for 2 years in the coastal Douglas-fir orchards and for 1 year in one lodgepole pine orchard. The percentages of partially filled seed that could have been caused by feeding of L. occidentalis or by a number of other factors were < 5% in coastal Douglas-fir for both 1992 and 1993 and ~14% in lodgepole pine in 1993. Apparently because populations of L. occidentalis were low, there was no correlation between the percentage of partially filled seed and number of insects per tree. Except in unusual circumstances, management measures in Canada are judged not to be necessary as populations of L. occidentalis are consistently below the calculated threshold levels required to cause ≥5% loss in seed production.

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