NEW INFORMATION CONCERNING BALSAM FIR DECAYS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Basham ◽  
P. V. Mook ◽  
A. G. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
New Information

Four separate investigations of decay in balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) have been carried out in recent years by forest pathologists in Eastern North America. Early in these studies it became apparent that the existing ideas concerning the identity of the fungi responsible for decay in living balsam fir trees required considerable revision. Trunk rot was confirmed as being caused mainly by Stereum sanguinolentum Alb. and Schw. ex Fries; however, five fungi, headed by Corticium galactinum (Fries) Burt, were found associated with most of the white stringy butt rots, and two fungi, Coniophora puteana (Schum. ex Fries) Karst. and Polyporus balsameus Peck, were associated with most of the brown cubical butt rots. Hitherto Poria subacida (Peck) Sacc. and P. balsameus were believed to cause practically all white and brown butt rots, respectively, in this species. The effect of site on the decay of living balsam fir is discussed, as is the extent and kind of decay with which each of the nine predominant heart-rot fungi was found associated. A brief outline is presented concerning the fungi found associated with the deterioration of dead balsam fir.

scholarly journals Are marginal balsam fir and eastern white cedar stands relics from once more extensive populations in north-eastern North America?

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1672-1679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abed Nego Jules ◽  
Hugo Asselin ◽  
Yves Bergeron ◽  
Adam A Ali
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Eastern White Cedar

Marginal stands of balsam fir ( Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) and eastern white cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.) are found north of their limits of continuous distribution in eastern North America. Regional-scale paleoecological studies have suggested that fir and cedar populations could have had larger extents in the past. This study aimed at verifying this hypothesis at the local scale. Wood charcoal fragments were collected from the soils of two marginal fir and cedar stands as well as from 15 sites in the surrounding forest matrix where the species are absent currently. Anatomical identification and radiocarbon-dating showed that fir was more extensive in the study area until about 680 cal. BP, representing up to 31% of the charcoal assemblages at sites where it is currently absent. The evidence is less conclusive for cedar, however, although some of the charcoal fragments from the matrix sites could have been either fir or cedar (undistinguishable). Most of the dated fir/cedar charcoal in the matrix were from the ‘Medieval Warm Period’ (ca. 1000 cal. BP), suggesting contraction may have occurred at that time. Marginal fir – and possibly cedar – stands are thus relics of once more extensive populations. Fire is likely the main factor having contributed to the contraction of the species’ distributions. Fir and cedar are now relegated to areas where fires are less frequent and severe, such as the shores of lakes and rivers.

Isthmiella faullii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Needle Blight ◽  
Juvenile Plants

Abstract A description is provided for Isthmiella faullii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Apparently confined to Abies balsamea. DISEASE: Causes a needle blight of Abies balsamea. According to Darker (1932), it 'is the commonest and most destructive of the Hypodermataceae on Abies balsamea in eastern North America'. It is particularly damaging to seedlings and juvenile plants. In northern Ontario, from where the disease was originally identified, infection occurs during the summer, but signs of the disease do not appear until the following spring, when needles become brown and conidiomata develop, conidia being discharged in July, and shortly after this ascomata begin to form, maturing in July of the following year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Canada: Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec and USA: Michigan and New Hampshire. TRANSMISSION: Through air dispersal of ascospores, which directly infect the leaves (Darker, 1932).

Nectria macrospora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Westerly Direction

Abstract A description is provided for Nectria macrospora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Abies balsamea and other species of Pinaceae. DISEASE: On Pinaceae; canker of balsam fir GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: Canada (Quebec Province, British Columbia), USA (Oregon); Europe (Norway). TRANSMISSION: Ouellette found spread in a north westerly direction from the original island site. No evidence has been given for insect spread but this cannot be ruled out for this group of organisms.

Production and Distribution of Balsam Fir Lumber in Eastern North America

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-131
Author(s):  
Steven A. Sinclair ◽  
Robert L. Govett
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
Production Problem ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Softwood Species

A total of 819 North American sawmills were surveyed concerning their production and distribution of balsam fir lumber. Seventy-one mills reported a total annual production of 275 million board feet (648 585 m3) of balsam fir lumber. The larger mills of eastern Canada represented 72% of this total. Canadian and large eastern US sawmills used middlemen heavily in marketing their softwood lumber while the remaining US sawmills used direct selling and captive retail yards as primary market channels. The only major production problem reported was the longer drying time needed for balsam fir lumber when compared to other northern softwood species.

Significance of Conodonts, Graptolites, and Shelly Faunas from the Ordovician of Western and North-Central Newfoundland

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1625-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig M. Bergström ◽  
John Riva ◽  
Marshall Kay
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Hole Formation ◽  
North Central ◽  
New Information ◽  
North American Type

Numerous collections of graptolites, conodonts, and shelly fossils provide new information about the age of several previously imprecisely dated formations on Newfoundland. The Long Point Formation is raised to group rank with two new formations, the Lourdes Limestone and the Winterhouse Formation. The Lourdes is largely Porterfieldian, indicating a pre-Nemagraptus gracilis Zone age for the Bonnian phase of the Taconian orogeny. In northern Newfoundland, the Nemagraptus gracilis Zone has been identified in the Lawrence Harbour Shale, and in shales along the Trans-Canada highway; the Diplograptus multidens Zone in argillites at the base of the Point Leamington Greywacke; the Dicranograptus clingani Zone in the same argillites, shales east of Gander Bay, the Rodgers Cove Shale, the Dark Hole Formation, and unit C of the Summerford Group; and the Pleurograptus linearis Zone in the Point Leamington Greywacke, unit C of the Summerford Group and the Rodgers Cove Shale. The Pygodus anserinus and Pygodus serrus conodont zones are present in the Cobbs Arm Limestone and the latter zone in the Summerford Group. The Cobbs Arm Limestone and the Rodgers Cove Shale (new) are referred to the Hillgrade Group. The conodont and graptolite faunas from north-central Newfoundland are of 'European' rather than 'North American' type, but the conodont and graptolite faunal provinces do not have the same regional distribution in eastern North America.

Insect defoliators as major disturbance factors in the high-altitude balsam fir forest of Mount Mégantic, southern Quebec

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1832-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Filion ◽  
Serge Payette ◽  
Ann Delwaide ◽  
Najat Bhiry
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Tree Ring Data ◽  
Paper Birch

Tree-ring data from a mature balsam fir forest, located at the top of Mount Mégantic (elevation 1100 m), southern Quebec, suggest that insect defoliators were major disturbance factors in the development of high-altitude balsam fir forests. A comparison between the radial growth trend of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), a host species of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.), and paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh), a nonhost species, showed that several growth depressions in the balsam fir chronology corrresponded to documented spruce budworm outbreaks in southern Quebec in the 1910s, 1950s, 1970s, and possibly in the 1870s. Tree mortality was extensive during the last infestation because of the relatively old age (>60 years) of many balsam fir and, possibly, to the cumulative impact of defoliation. The tree-ring series from paper birch showed several drops in radial growth after the 1930s, possibly related to the large-scale birch dieback that occurred in eastern North America. Macrofossil data (insect remains) from one sample of the uppermost organic soil layers (F horizon) confirm the presence of the spruce budworm at the study site. The ecological role of insect defoliators is discussed in the context of the high-altitude balsam fir forests in northeastern North America where abiotic disturbances are considered the primary controlling factors in stand dynamics.

scholarly journals Contrasting Litter Nutrient and Metal Inputs and Soil Chemistry among Five Common Eastern North American Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Neil F. J. Ott ◽  
Shaun A. Watmough
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Yellow Birch

Forest composition has been altered throughout Eastern North America, and changes in species dominance may alter nutrient cycling patterns, influencing nutrient availability and distribution in soils. To assess whether nutrients and metals in litterfall and soil differed among sites influenced by five common Ontario tree species (balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.), white pine (Pinus strobus L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.)), litterfall and soil chemistry were measured at a managed forest in Central Ontario, Canada. Carbon (C) and macronutrient (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)) inputs in litterfall varied significantly among sites, primarily due to differences in litterfall mass, which was greatest in deciduous-dominated sites, while differences in elemental concentrations played relatively minor roles. Trace metal inputs in litterfall also varied, with much higher zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in litterfall within yellow birch dominated stands. Mineral soil oxide composition was very similar among sites, suggesting that differences in soil chemistry were influenced by forest composition rather than parent material. Litter in deciduous-dominated stands had lower C/N, and soils were less acidic than conifer-dominated sites. Deciduous stands also had much shorter elemental residence times in the organic horizons, especially for base cations (Ca, Mg, K) compared with conifer-dominated sites, although total soil nutrient pools were relatively consistent among sites. A change from stands with greater conifer abundance to mixed hardwoods has likely led to more rapid cycling of elements in forests, particularly for base cations. These differences are apparent at small scales (100 m2) in mixed forests that characterize many forested regions in Eastern North America and elsewhere.

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