TRACHEID SIZE AND ANTICLINAL DIVISIONS IN THE CAMBIUM OF PSEUDOTSUGA

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Maximum Cell ◽  
Division Cell ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Mother Cells

This study is concerned with certain aspects of cambial behavior and tracheid size in Douglas-fir. Geographical origin of material was Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Washington, and several localities in British Columbia from Golden to Vancouver Island. Tracheids were smallest in all dimensions in the Colorado collections and largest in wood from coastal British Columbia. In second growth trees 35–70 years old and 10–20 in. in diameter maximum cell length was associated with a ring width of approximately 1 mm, the length declining in both wider and narrower rings. Increase in girth was accompanied by pseudotransverse divisions, these occurring mostly in fusiform cells functioning as initials, and only rarely in derived xylem mother cells. At breast height the frequency of pseudotransverse division centered about a rate of 1.3 divisions per centimeter of xylem increment when rings were 2–7 mm wide. Reduction in ring width below 1 mm occasioned a rise in frequency of anticlinal division with consequent cell shortening. In the recent growth of old trees 475–675 years old and 3–7 ft in diameter similar relationships prevailed between frequency of anticlinal division, cell length, and ring width, but mean values for rate of division and cell length differed slightly from those for young trees. Upward in the bole, to a height of 50 ft, anticlinal divisions decreased in frequency and cell length increased, but the amount of cell lengthening was greater than could be accounted for by the change in rate of division. Notable differences in rate of division occurred between neighboring trees on most sites. Although pseudotransverse divisions took place at various times during the growing season, most were aestival. Length of the partition in pseudotransverse division, although fluctuating from cell to cell, was, in general, directly related to length of the cambial cell undergoing division. The orientation of the partition in anticlinal division was usually unidirectional in neighboring cells, but occasionally an indeterminate condition prevailed. When unidirectional, reversals in direction of tilt occurred after varied intervals. Duration of the latter tended to be inversely related to the frequency of pseudotransverse division.

TRACHEID SIZE AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN THE CAMBIUM OF CUPRESSUS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1187-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Maximum Cell

Differences of considerable magnitude occur in the tracheid dimensions of North American species of Cupressus. In general the species in arid regions (C. arizonica, C. glabra, C. forbesii, and C. macnabiana) have smaller cells than the species in more humid localities (C. macrocarpa and C. pygmaea). Minor, in some cases questionably significant, differences in cell size are found at different sites for the same species. Noteworthy interspecific differences exist in the frequency of anticlinal (pseudotransverse) divisions involved in cambial cell multiplication. On the whole, these divisions take place at a faster rate in the species with small cells (C. arizonica, C. macnabiana) than in species with large cells (C. pygmaea). Some general relationships between rate of growth, frequency of pseudotransverse divisions, and cell length are also evident. In the stems of mature trees, maximum cell length is apparently associated with a ring width of approximately 1–1.5 mm. Reduction in ring width is accompanied by a rise in frequency of pseudotransverse division and a slight recession in cell length. Widening of the rings produces no change in the rate of anticlinal division, in relation to linear radial accretion, but cell length declines. The orientation of the partition in pseudotransverse division is usually unidirectional in neighboring cells, but reversals in tilt occur after varied intervals. Duration of the interval between reversals shows an inverse relationship with the frequency of pseudotransverse division.

TRACHEID SIZE AND ANTICLINAL DIVISIONS IN THE CAMBIUM OF LODGEPOLE PINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1105-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
North America ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Maximum Cell

Tracheid size and rate of anticlinal divisions in the cambium were determined for lodgepole pine at several sites in western North America ranging in elevation from 3000 to 11,000 feet. The determinations were made at breast height in trees with boles 10–20 in. in diameter. The base rate of anticlinal division was low as compared with other conifers, the average being 0.8 divisions per cm of xylem increment when ring width exceeded 1.5 mm. The frequency of division increased as annual xylem production fell below 1 mm, and rose sharply with continued reduction in ring width under 0.3 mm. Maximum cell length was associated with a ring width of 1 mm, and the length decreased in both wide and narrow rings. The tangential width of the tracheids likewise lessened as ring width fell below 1 mm, the decline becoming accentuated with continued waning of growth to less than 0.3 mm. Cell diameter differed from the overall mean by more than 1 µ at only one site after allowance was made for dissimilarities in growth rate. Cells were shortest at the two highest sites. The newly formed partition in pseudotransverse division tended to be inclined in the same direction in neighboring cells, but the percentage of divisions deviating from the preferred orientation was higher than in other conifers. Reversals in direction of tilt occurred after varied intervals, these apparently being corrective in function.

Variations in cell length and frequency of anticlinal division in the vascular cambium throughout a white spruce tree

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1363-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan ◽  
M. Bindra
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Great Length ◽  
Vascular Elements ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Late Growth

In the early growth of the stem, branches, and roots, the vascular elements are relatively short and the frequency of anticlinal division involved in cambial cell multiplication is high. As growth sheaths are added in the stem, length of cell increases and rate of multiplicative division declines. A similar trend occurs upward through the lower quarter to half the height of the stem. In the root system, the later growth of vertical roots is characterized by shortness of cell and high frequency of anticlinal division, and conversely, that of horizontal roots by great length of cell and low rate of anticlinal division. Although a general negative relationship exists between rate of anticlinal division and cell length throughout much of the tree, these features sometimes vary independently, and length of cell seems to be more closely related to amount of yearly radial accretion. Through the middle to late growth of the stem a negative relationship obtains between length of cell and width of annual ring, cell length maximating at a ring width of 1–2 mm. At this stage, frequency of division may fluctuate only narrowly over a considerable range of ring width. A continued decline in ring width to less than 0.5 mm, such as may occur on senescence, is accompanied by decreased cell length and accelerated anticlinal division. Length of the cell plate in anticlinal division, relative to that of the dividing cell, is greater in the early growth of the stem and branches and throughout horizontal roots than elsewhere in the tree. Most of the anticlinal divisions are pseudotransverse. The proportion of lateral divisions ranges from about 1% in the late growth of stems to 11% in horizontal roots.

CELL LENGTH AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN THE CAMBIUM OF THE SEQUOIAS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Sequoia Sempervirens ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Cambial Cells

This report deals with the frequency of anticlinal (multiplicative) divisions in fusiform cambial cells, cell length at the time of division, and ring width as determined mostly in Sequoia sempervirens. The general relationships between these anatomical features resembled those observed in other conifers, but the frequency of anticlinal division was relatively high and the cells were long. Accordingly, the rate of cambial cell lengthening in the repetitive cycle of anticlinal division and cell elongation was found to exceed that in other conifers. Upward in the lower part of the stem the rate of anticlinal division decreased and cell length increased. A comparatively high rate of anticlinal division was maintained in the peripheral growth of large boles in both species, but cell length was greater in S. sempervirens than in S. gigantea.

CAMBIAL BEHAVIOR WITH REFERENCE TO CELL LENGTH AND RING WIDTH IN PICEA

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Uniform Rate ◽  
Maximum Cell ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Picea Species

This study deals with the relationships between length of wood cells, width of annual rings, and frequency of multiplicative (pseudotransverse) divisions in fusiform cambial cells of Picea. Species investigated were P. engelmanni, P. glauca, P. mariana, and P. sitchensis. Observations were based on the recent growth of trees 10–20 in. in diameter, and in the case of P. sitchensis included trees up to 7 ft in diameter. In general, maximum cell length was associated with a ring width of 1–2 mm. Cell length declined with increase in ring width, and also decreased slightly when ring width fell below the optimum level. The frequency of pseudotransverse divisions in the cambium remained at a more or less uniform rate in trees with rings 2–8 mm wide, but rose sharply as ring width dropped below 1 mm. The slight reduction in cell length in narrow rings was apparently associated with the rise in frequency of multiplicative divisions in the cambium. Maximum cell length was observed in P. sitchensis. The shortest cells and lowest frequency of multiplicative divisions were noted in P. engelmanni. As ring width decreased a higher proportion of the pseudotransverse divisions occurred during the late seasonal growth. The orientation of the partition in pseudotransverse division tended to be unidirectional, but reversals in direction of tilt occurred after varied intervals.

SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION, CAMBIAL CELL LENGTH, AND RING WIDTH IN THE GROWTH OF CONIFEROUS TREES

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1359-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Uniform Ring ◽  
Tree Development

The early growth of a tree is marked by a widening of the annual increments, a deceleration in rate of multiplicative (anticlinal) division of fusiform cambial cells, and an increase in cell length. Distance outward from the pith at which maximation in cell size occurs, and subsequent trends in cell dimensions, are apparently modified by rate of growth. Continuation of a uniform ring width through the middle to late years favors comparative constancy in rate of anticlinal division and cell size during that stage of tree development. Reduction in amount of annual increment in the late growth to the width optimal for cell extension, about 1 mm, induces a delayed and probably heightened maximation in cell length. Continued lessening in radial growth to an annual accretion of 0.5 mm or less, with the onset of senility, results in acceleration in rate of multiplicative division and reduction in cell length.

CAMBIAL BEHAVIOR WITH REFERENCE TO CELL LENGTH AND RING WIDTH IN PINUS STROBUS L.

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Individual Trees

The relationships between width of annual rings, length of wood cells, and frequency of anticlinal (multiplicative) divisions in fusiform cambial cells were studied by reference to trees of various growth patterns. The trees selected ranged from 8 to 20 in. diameter and included both open-grown specimens with branches close to the ground and forest types with tall, slender shafts. Much fluctuation was noted among individual trees, but in general there was, in the peripheral growth, an inverse relationship between length of wood cells and width of annual rings. The frequency of anticlinal divisions in the cambium remained at a more or less uniform rate in trees with rings from 1.5 to 5 mm wide, but rose sharply when ring width fell below 1.3 mm. This was in contrast to the situation observed earlier in Thuja occidentalis where the rise in frequency of anticlinal divisions was slight and occurred only in trees with rings less than 0.3 mm wide.

Extending the Place Glacier mass-balance record to AD 1585, using tree rings and wood density

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Wood ◽  
Dan J. Smith ◽  
Michael N. Demuth
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Climate Forcing ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Circulation Indices ◽  
Forcing Mechanisms

AbstractRecognizing that climate influences both annual tree-ring growth and glacier mass balance, changes in the mass balance of Place Glacier, British Columbia, were documented from increment core records. Annually resolved ring-width (RW), maximum (MXD), and mean density (MD) chronologies were developed from Engelmann spruce and Douglas-fir trees sampled at sites within the surrounding region. A snowpack record dating to AD 1730 was reconstructed using a multivariate regression of spruce MD and fir RW chronologies. Spruce MXD and RW chronologies were used to reconstruct winter mass balance (Bw) for Place Glacier to AD 1585. Summer mass balance (Bs) was reconstructed using the RW chronology from spruce, and net balance was calculated from Bw and Bs. The reconstructions provide insight into the changes that snowpack and mass balance have undergone in the last 400 years, as well as identifying relationships to air temperature and circulation indices in southern British Columbia. These changes are consistent with other regional mass-balance reconstructions and indicate that the persistent weather systems characterizing large scale climate-forcing mechanisms play a significant glaciological role in this region. A comparison to dated moraine surfaces in the surrounding region substantiates that the mass-balance shifts recorded in the proxy data are evident in the response of glaciers throughout the region.

Macrofungi from six habitats over five years in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 1518-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Roberts ◽  
Oluna Ceska ◽  
Paul Kroeger ◽  
Bryce Kendrick
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Clayoquot Sound

Over 5 years, macrofungi from six habitats in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, were documented. Habitats were categorized as dune, spruce fringe, old-growth rainforest, second-growth forest, bog, or estuarine. All but the second-growth forest are natural ecosystems. A total of 551 taxa of macrofungi were recorded. Between 17% and 36% of the species in any one habitat were found only in that habitat. The most frequently encountered and ubiquitous species was Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quel., found in all years, habitats, and sites. Of the 551 taxa, only 28 were found every year, and 308 were found in only 1 year. Rare species that were recorded include Cordyceps ravenelii Berkeley & Curtis, Hygrophorus inocybiformis Smith, and Tricholoma apium Schaeffer in the dunes and Stereopsis humphreyi (Burt) Redhead in the spruce fringe. Similarities between habitats based on taxa in common showed that bog and estuarine habitats had only 9%–17% in common with each other and the other habitats, whereas dune, spruce fringe, and the two forest types shared 21%–31% of their species. Old-growth rainforest yielded approximately 4 times as many species as bog and estuarine habitats, and approximately 1.5 times as many as the other three habitats.Key words: Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, macrofungi, habitats, biodiversity.

Second Growth: Community Economic Development in Rural British Columbia

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1068
Author(s):  
Andrew Molloy
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Community Development ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Action Learning ◽  
Small Time ◽  
Community Economic Development ◽  
Second Growth

Second Growth: Community Economic Development in Rural British Columbia, Sean Markey, John Pierce, Mark Roseland and Kelly Vodden, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2005, pp. 352.This theoretically rich, community economic development (CED) work, written by four members of the Centre for Sustainable Community Development (formerly the Community Economic Development Centre) at Simon Fraser University, is the product of a three-year participatory-action-based research project involving four “forest-based” British Columbia communities. Two Aboriginal communities and two municipalities were case studied as part of an action-learning exercise in order to gain “insight into the apparent conflict between the economic imperative and fluidity of capital versus the lived worlds of rural and small time places” (3). Through their empirical studies of the four communities, the authors argue that CED, fostered at the local level, can allow for the kind of capacity building that is needed to create diversified, sustainable economic futures for resource-based rural and small-town communities. They are careful, however, to distinguish between the use of CED as a “localized and palliative strategy” for marginalized communities caught in the throes of political and economic dependency, and the possibilities for a more robust (theoretically balanced) version of CED, which can become part and parcel of rural and small-town locally-based planning and development. While recognizing the appropriateness of CED in either situation, they argue that a host of negative economic and political factors, which are intensifying under the direction of neo-liberal ideological thinking, have resulted in a pressing need for the more robust form of community development and corresponding revitalization strategies.

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