scholarly journals Taxonomy of the genus Ceratocystis in Manitoba

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1675-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Olchowecki ◽  
James Reid
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Species Diagnosis ◽  
Conidial State ◽  
Conidium Formation ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

From Manitoba hardwoods and conifers, 183 collections were examined for Ceratocystis species. Most previously described species, including many type specimens, were also examined.Among the morphological characters used to separate species of Ceratocystis, those of the ascospores are the most reliable and were given major stress herein. The nature of the conidial state, which is distinctive in some species and of diagnostic value in others, was also considered in preparing species diagnosis, and the method of conidium formation was therefore also stressed.The genus Ceratocystis is organized into four groups based mainly on ascospore characters: (1) the Minuta group; (2) the Ips group; (3) the Fimbriata group; and (4) the Pilifera group. It is felt that such groupings reflect the affinities between various species. A key to the groups of species and keys to the species of each of the four respective groups are provided. The keys include 70 species, 50 of which are found in Manitoba.

scholarly journals Incremental Value of Left Ventricular Mechanical Dyssynchrony Assessment by Nitrogen-13 Ammonia ECG-Gated PET in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danzha Zheng ◽  
Yanyun Liu ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Fan Hu ◽  
Xubo Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Viability ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Mechanical Dyssynchrony ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Viable Myocardium ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
Nitrogen 13 Ammonia ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Artery Disease

Background: Phase analysis is a technique used to assess left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD) in nuclear myocardial imaging. Previous studies have found an association between LVMD and myocardial ischemia. We aim to assess the potential diagnostic value of LVMD in terms of myocardial viability, and ability to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE), using Nitrogen-13 ammonia ECG-gated positron emission tomography (gPET).Methods: Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent Nitrogen-13 ammonia and Fluorine-18 FDG myocardial gPET were enrolled, and their gPET imaging data were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were followed up and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were recorded. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test were performed to compare LVMD parameters among the groups. Binary logistic regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and multiple stepwise analysis curves were applied to identify the relationship between LVMD parameters and myocardial viability. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and the log-rank test were used to look for differences in the incidence of MACE.Results: In total, 79 patients were enrolled and divided into three groups: Group 1 (patients with only viable myocardium, n = 7), Group 2 (patients with more viable myocardium than scar, n = 33), and Group 3 (patients with less viable myocardium than scar, n = 39). All LVMD parameters were significantly different among groups. The median values of systolic phase standard deviation (PSD), systolic phase histogram bandwidth (PHB), diastolic PSD, and diastolic PHB between Group 1 and Group 3, and Group 2 and Group 3 were significantly different. A diastolic PHB of 204.5° was the best cut-off value to predict the presence of myocardial scar. In multiple stepwise analysis models, diastolic PSD, ischemic extent, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification were independent predictive factors of viable myocardium and myocardial scar. The incidence of MACE in patients with diastolic PHB > 204.5° was 25.0%, higher than patients with diastolic PHB <204.5° (11.8%), but the difference was not significant.Conclusions: LVMD generated from Nitrogen-13 ammonia ECG-gated myocardial perfusion imaging had added diagnostic value for myocardial viability assessment in CAD patients. LVMD did not show a definite prognostic value.

SD-OCT parameters and visual field defect in chiasmal compression and the diagnostic value of neural network model

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212094759
Author(s):  
Hyeshin Jeon ◽  
Keun-hyung Park ◽  
Huikyung Kim ◽  
Heeyoung Choi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Neural Network Model ◽  
Visual Field Defect ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Chiasmal Compression ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Field Defect

Purpose: To evaluate the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measurements using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients with chiasmal compression and analyze the diagnostic value of a neural network model. Methods: Forty-seven patients with chiasmal compressive disorder were recruited and divided into two groups depending on the visual field defect (perimetric; group 1 and preperimetric; group 2). Fifty-seven normal subjects were also recruited (group 3). Peripapillary RNFL and macular GCIPL were analyzed in each group. A multilayer perceptron was trained using a training dataset and derived a neural network model. The diagnostic performances were compared using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) between each parameters and neural network model. Results: All macular GCIPL parameters, except inferotemporal GCIPL thickness, were thinner in group 1 than in group 2 and group 3, with barely any difference between group 2 and group 3 parameter values. The diagnostic power of the neural network model, minimum GCIPL, and inferonasal GCIPL were superior when compared with other parameters; the diagnostic values of these three parameters are not significantly different in discriminating the patients and normal control. However, the neural network exhibited the best diagnostic power in distinguishing group 2 and group 3. Conclusion: Macular GCIPL was reduced in chiasmal compression patients with visual field defect which was not evident in the preperimetric state. Neural network model showed superior diagnostic value in discriminating the preperimetric patients from normal control. The results suggest that neural networks may be helpful in the early diagnosis of chiasmal compression.

scholarly journals A role of comprehensive cervix assessment in the first trimester of pregnancy for predicting preterm delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
V. G. Volkov ◽  
O. V. Chursina
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Delivery Term ◽  
Group 1

Aim: to improve efficacy of predicting preterm labor in the first trimester of pregnancy by combining diverse parameters of cervical ultrasound examination.Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study of 1517 women with uncomplicated pregnancy was performed. Inclusion criteria were: females underwent cervicometry at 11–14 weeks of gestation, singleton pregnancy, revealing no complaints at the onset of examination. All women were subdivided into four groups: Group 1 – 27 pregnant women with shortened cervix (less than 30 mm); Group 2 – 24 pregnant women without cervical gland area (СGA); Group 3 – 30 pregnant women with two risk factors (shortened cervix less than 30 mm and lacked СGA); Group 4 (control) consisted of 1436 pregnant women with cervix length exceeding 30 mm and presence of СGA.Results. Average delivery term in Group 1 was 35.7 weeks (95 % CI = 34.7–36.8), in Group 2 – 34.7 weeks (95 % CI = 33.59–35.0), in Group 3 – 33.23 weeks (95 % CI = 31.6–34.8), in Group 4 (control) – 38.11 weeks (95 % CI = 38.06–38.17). A significant moderate correlation (Rxy = 0.534) between shortened cervix, absence of СGA and delivery term was found (p < 0.001). A regression model consisting of cervical length and presence of СGA was simulated based upon 50.8 % factors underlying probability of preterm birth, revealing 42.6 % sensitivity, 99.1 % specificity, and 96.6 % overall diagnostic value. The area under the ROC curve was 0.902 ± 0.022 (95 % CI = 0.860–0.945). The data obtained reflect diverse biochemical changes such as collagen decomposition, altered glucosamine level and fluid amount within cervical tissues. Such processes result in shortened, softened and expanded (matured) cervix. Uncovering markers for preterm cervical maturation underlies a logical strategy to predict miscarriage.Conclusion. Untrasound cervical measurement in the first trimester of pregnancy allows for revealing valuable miscarriage predictors (shortened cervix and absence of GI). Risk assessment by combining diverse ultrasound cervix parameters would allow to improve overall predictive efficacy.

The genus Ceratocystis in Ontario

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ips Pini ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Separate Species

From Ontario hardwoods and conifers, 234 collections were examined for Ceratocystis and associated stains and vectors. Most previously described species, including many type specimens, were also studied.Among morphological characters used to separate species of Ceratocystis, those of the ascospores are the most reliable and are stressed in this study. Three-dimensional examination of ascospores, particularly in species possessing spores with sheaths, is necessary to determine spore shape accurately. Four ascospore sheath types are recognized: uniform, hat-shaped, double-brimmed, and quadrangular.A preliminary survey indicates that the bark-beetles Ips pini (Say) and Orthotomicus caelatus (Eich.) may be principal vectors for several Ceratocystis spp. on Ontario conifers.Based mainly on ascospore characters, a key to 60 species of Ceratocystis is provided. The species C. galeiformis Bakshi, C. obscura (Davids.) Hunt, C. polonica (Siem.) Hunt, and C. serpens (Goid.) C. Moreau are excluded. It is proposed that C. ambrosia Bakshi, C. capillifera (Hedgc.) C. Moreau, C. pluriannulata (Hedgc.) C. Moreau, and C. schrenkiana (Hedge.) C. Moreau be considered synonyms of C. pilifera (Fr.) C. Moreau and that C. vesca Davids. be treated as a synonym of C. olivacea (Math.) Hunt. The following species, described since Hunt's key was published, are included: C. bicolor (Davids, and Wells) Davids., C. brevicollis Davids., C. brunnea Davids., C. brunneocrinita Wright and Cain, C. dryocoetidis Kendrick and Molnar, C. europhioides Wright and Cain, C. falcata Wright and Cain, C. huntii Robinson, C. megalobrunnea Davids, and Toole, C. nigra Davids., C. perfecta Davids., C. tremuloaurea Davids, and Hinds, C. truncicola (Davids.) Griffin comb. nov. Eleven new species are described in this paper.Descriptions, figures, and distribution data are provided for most of the 32 species of Ceratocystis encountered in Ontario. The following previously described species were collected: C. bicolor (Davids. and Wells) Davids., C. brunneocrinita Wright and Cain, C. coerulescens (Munch) Bakshi, C. europhioides Wright and Cain, C.fimbriata Ell. and Halst., C. huntii Robinson, C. ips (Rumb.) C. Moreau, C. major (Van Beyma) C. Moreau, C. minor (Hedgc.) Hunt, C. minuta (Siem.) Hunt, C. nigra Davids., C. olivacea (Math.) Hunt, C. perparvispora Hunt, C. piceae (Munch) Bakshi, C. pilifera (Fr.) C. Moreau, C. sagmatospora Wright and Cain, C. stenoceras (Robak) C. Moreau, C. tenella Davids., C. tetropii (Math.) Hunt, C. truncicola (Davids.) Griffin comb, nov., and C. ulmi (Buism.) C. Moreau.The following new species are described by the author: C. acericola, C. allantospora, C. angusticollis, C. capitata, C. crassivaginata, C. dolominuta, C. magnifica, C. ochracea, C. pallida, C. spinulosa, and C. stenospora.

scholarly journals Regional hemodynamic changes in nodular goiter

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
A E Ul'yanova ◽  
L L Yarchenkova
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Nodular Goiter ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the clinical and diagnostic value of regional hemodynamic changes in the thyroid vessels and carotid beds in patients with different forms of nodular goiter in order to optimize further follow-up and treatment. The study covered 120patients aged 25 to 40years (mean age 32.82±0.36 years) who had nodular goiter. A control group comprised 30 women comparable by age (mean age 32. 06±0. 44 years), who had a morphologically and functionally unchanged thyroid. After examined, the patients with nodular goiter were divided into group according to the identified morphological forms. Group 1 consisted of25 (20.8%) women (mean age 34.85±0.89 years) with signs of nodular malignancies; Group 2 included 35 (29.2%) patients (mean age 32.08±0.78years) with detected adenomas; Group 3 comprised 40 (33.3%) patients (mean age 33.6±1.08years) with colloidal nodules, and Group consisted 20 (16.7%) women (mean age 32.87±0.9 years) with signs of cysts. The study and comparison of the linear and volume parameters of arterial ducts to the euthyroid loves in nodular pathology were made, by taking into account the site of an abnormal focus and its morphological structure. The linear and volumetric bloodflow rates in the thyroid arteries ipsilaterally to the abnormal nodular of any morphological structure were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05). Changes were revealed in blood flow parameters in the carotid bed in relation to the morphological structure of nodules.

P1686Natriuretic peptides personifying role in patients with arterial hypertension and chronic heart failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Gubareva ◽  
E Gubareva
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Functional Class ◽  
Circadian Blood Pressure ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Roc Area ◽  
Circadian Blood Pressure Profile ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Aim The aim of research was to study NT-proBNP in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and chronic heart failure (CHF). Object and methods of research 420 male patients in age from 30 to 60 years old were examined: group 1 (n=180) – patients with AH without CHF, group 2 (n=86) – patients with AH and CHF, group 3 (n=74) – patients with CHF without AH and the group of control (n=80). NT-proBNP, fmol/ml, was measured. Results NT-proBNP had the highest levels in patients of group 3 in comparison with the group of control (p=0.046), group 1 (p=0.037) and group 2 (p=0.046). The duration of AH didn't affect the level of NT-proBNP (r=0.186; p=0.537). In the group with AH, the plasma level of NT-proBNP was lower in patients with 2 and 3 degrees of AH compared with patients with 1 degree of AH (p<0.05). In the group of patients with AH and CHF this pattern wasn't observed (p>0.05). NT-proBNP was interrelated with AH degree in group 1 (r=−0.624; p=0.023). Such a relationship wasn't established in group 2 (r=0.151; p=0.294), NT-proBNP was interrelated with NYHA functional class of CHF (r=0.215; p=0.049). The diagnostic value of changes in the level of NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of grade 1 AH relative to 2–3 degrees of AH in patients without CHF: at the point of separation (cut off) 3.85 fmol/ml, sensitivity 83% and specificity of 71%. ROC-area under curve = 0.81. The quality of the model was very good. NT-proBNP determining diagnostic value analysis to predict the enhancement in NYHA functional class of CHF in patients with AH and CHF: at a separation point of 3.4 fmol/ml specificity of 71%, sensitivity – 76%. ROC-area under curve = 0.74. We investigated the level of NT-proBNP in patients of groups 1 and 2 with different types of circadian blood pressure (BP) profiles. NT-proBNP levels were the highest in patients with “non-dipper”, “night-peaker” circadian blood pressure profile and differed significantly from patients profiles “dipper” and “over-dipper” as for systolic BP and for diastolic BP. Data correlation analysis revealed the inverse relationship between NT-proBNP and SBP (r=−0.498; p=0.035). Since there were no patients with circadian profiles “night-peaker” and “over-dipper” in group 1, and the results of the study reflected the level of NT-proBNP in group 2, we studied the level of these hormones in patients with the same type of circadian profiles in group 1 and group 2. The level of NT-proBNP in patients of group 1 with “non-dipper” profile was reduced in comparison with patients of group 2 and “dipper” circadian profile. Conclusion Determination of natriuretic peptides in patients with AH and CHF personifies the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular complications. Natriuretic peptides are involved in circadian blood pressure profile.

Amniotic fibronectin fragmentation and expression of its domains, sialyl and fucosyl glycotopes associated with pregnancy complicated by intrauterine infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Hirnle ◽  
Iwona Kątnik-Prastowska
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Fibronectin Fragments ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Fibronectin Domains ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Lower Expression ◽  
Group 1

Abstract: The presence of fibronectin fragments has been observed in some inflammatory diseases and is believed to reflect tissue breakdown. In this study, possible fibronectin fragmentation and alterations in its domain and sialyl and fucosyl glycotope expressions were analyzed in amniotic fluids in relation to intrauterine infection.: Samples of amniotic fluid were taken from normal pregnancies and pregnancies (28 and 42 weeks) complicated by intrauterine infection. Fibronectin fragmentation was analyzed by immunoblotting. The expression of cellular, fibrin, C-terminal and EDA fibronectin domains, as well as α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids, and α1,6-, α1,3- and α1,2-linked fucoses, was determined by ELISA, using domain-specific monoclonal antibodies and specific lectins, respectively.: Amniotic fibronectin immunoblots from pregnancies with intrauterine infection revealed three groups of results. In group 1, with the native fibronectin band, and in group 2 with bands of native fibronectin and several fibronectin fragments, only higher α1,6-linked fucose expression was observed. In the infection group 3, characterized by profound fragmentation of fibronectin, lower expression of all fibronectin domains analyzed and of α1,6-linked sialic acid and α1,2-linked fucose was found.: Amniotic fibronectin status was found to be associated with pregnancy complicated by intrauterine infection. Such alterations could have a potential diagnostic value in the prevention of or intervention in fetal intrauterine infection.Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:208–14.

Taxonomy of the Tetramorium weitzeckeri species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical zoogeographical region

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2704 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCISCO HITA GARCIA ◽  
GEORG FISCHER ◽  
MARCELL K. PETERS
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Species Diagnosis ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Worker Caste ◽  
Zoogeographical Region

The taxonomy of the Tetramorium weitzeckeri species group is revised for the Afrotropical zoogeographic region. The revision is based on morphology and morphometrics of the worker caste. Twenty six species are recognised of which twelve are described as new: Tetramorium bendai sp. n., Tetramorium boltoni sp. n., Tetramorium intermedium sp. n., Tetramorium kakamega sp. n., Tetramorium mkomazi sp. n., Tetramorium philippwagneri sp. n., Tetramorium renae. n., Tetramorium robertsoni sp. n., Tetramorium rubrum sp. n., Tetramorium susannae sp. n., Tetramorium tanaense sp. n., and Tetramorium trirugosum sp. n.. Tetramorium akengense (Wheeler, W.M. 1922) is revived from synonymy and Tetramorium tersum Santschi, Tetramorium (Xiphomyrmex) kivuense Stitz, and Xiphmyrmex kivuense st. atrinodis Santschi are proposed as junior synonyms of Tetramorium edouardi Forel. All other earlier synonymisations are confirmed here. The species group is redefined and subdivided into three species complexes which are defined and discussed: the Tetramorium edouardi complex (9 species), the Tetramorium muralti complex (8 species), and the Tetramorium weitzeckeri complex (9 species). An illustrated identification key to the Afrotropical species is presented, and for each species diagnosis, description, and taxonomic discussion are provided. Biogeography and important morphological characters of diagnostic value are discussed.

scholarly journals Relationship between the Deformation Properties of the Left Ventricle and the Severity of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
F. Bekmetova ◽  
Kh. Fozilov ◽  
Sh. Doniyorov ◽  
R. Alieva ◽  
M. Mukhamedova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Syntax Score ◽  
Deformation Properties ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Group 1

The purpose of this study was to assess the properties of left ventricular myocardial deformation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with various degrees of coronary lesions. Methods and Results: The study included 74 patients with stable angina pectoris Class II-IV aged between 40 and 70 years. All patients underwent the following examinations: assessment of traditional risk factors, physical examination, general clinical and laboratory blood tests, 12-lead ECG, 24-hour ABPM, transthoracic echocardiography, two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), and coronary angiography (CAG). The SYNTAX score was calculated retrospectively according to the SYNTAX score algorithm. All patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 included 21 patients with a low SYNTAX score (0–22), for whom standard drug therapy was recommended; Group 2 included 28 patients with an intermediate SYNTAX score (23–32), to whom PCI was recommended; Group 3 included 25 patients with a high SYNTAX score (≥33), to whom CABG was recommended. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) obtained using the modified biplane Simpson's method was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Groups 1 and 2 (P=0.001); it should be noted that this indicator was within the normative values in Groups 1 and 2, and belonged to the gradation “mild dysfunction.” A more objective quantitative assessment of the contractile function of the LV myocardium was obtained by assessing the GLS and SR. The comparative analysis of the LV myocardial deformation properties in the three studied groups showed that in Group 3 the GLS and SR indicators were significantly lower than in Group 1 (P=0.000 and P=0.0020). Moreover, GLS (global longitudinal strain) and SR (strain rate) were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P=0.0001 and P=0.0133, respectively). GLS significantly correlated with LVEF (r=0.57; P<0.05), E/A (r=0.22; P<0.05), and SYNTAX score (r=-0.63; P<0.05). SR significantly correlated with LVEF (r=0.49; P<0.05) and SYNTAX score (r=-0.37; P<0.05) Conclusion: The results obtained indicate the diagnostic value of STE with the determination of GLS and SR in a comprehensive assessment of the severity of SAD. GLS and SR significantly correlate with the clinical course of the disease, as well as indicators of LV remodeling and LV diastolic dysfunction. STE analysis of GLS and SR has incremental diagnostic value over transthoracic echocardiography in predicting significant CAD.

Morphological Changes in the Rat Granulosa Cell Surface During Differentiation Induced by Estradiol and Gonadotropins

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
P. Bagavandoss ◽  
JoAnne S. Richards ◽  
A. Rees Midgley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

During follicular development in the mammalian ovary, several functional changes occur in the granulosa cells in response to steroid hormones and gonadotropins (1,2). In particular, marked changes in the content of membrane-associated receptors for the gonadotropins have been observed (1).We report here scanning electron microscope observations of morphological changes that occur on the granulosa cell surface in response to the administration of estradiol, human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).Immature female rats that were hypophysectcmized on day 24 of age were treated in the following manner. Group 1: control groups were injected once a day with 0.1 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 3 days; group 2: estradiol (1.5 mg/0.2 ml propylene glycol) once a day for 3 days; group 3: estradiol for 3 days followed by 2 days of hFSH (1 μg/0.1 ml) twice daily, group 4: same as in group 3; group 5: same as in group 3 with a final injection of hCG (5 IU/0.1 ml) on the fifth day.

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